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1. Introduction
The Physical Layer is the first and lowest layer in the seven-layer OSI model. The Physical Layer consists of the basic hardware transmission technologies of a network. Physical layer is one of the most complex layer in the OSI architecture.
O S I R e fe re n ce m o d e l
Line Configuration
Point to Point
Provide dedicated link between two devices use actual length of wire or cable to connect the two end including microwave & satellite link.
Multipoint.
One or more than two specific devices share a single link capacity of the channel is shared.
2.3 Encoding
The waveform pattern of voltage or current used to represent the 1s and 0s of a digital data on a transmission link is called line encoding.
Continued..
Disadvantages
When there is long sequence of 0s or 1s, the receiving side will fail to regenerate the clock and synchronization between the transmitter and receiver clocks will fail.
Return to Zero(RZ)
The signal drops (returns) to zero between each pulse.
Disadvantages
Requires more bandwidth as compared to NRZ.
Manchester coding
A binary 1 corresponds to a low-tohigh transition and a binary 0 to a high-to-low transition in the middle of bit-period.
M a n ch e ste r co d i g n
Normalized frequency
Repeater
Bridges
Transmitting Media
Repeater
Repeater regenerates the low power signal to high power signal for long distance communication
R e p e a te r
HUB
Hub is a device for connecting multiple links together and making them act as a single network segment. Hubs do not manage any of the traffic that comes through them, and any packet entering any port is regenerated and broadcast out on all other ports.
HUB
Transmitting media
Wired
Twisted wire pair. Coaxial cable. Optical fiber cable.
Wireless
Radio frequency communication.
Parallel
Serial
Synchronous
Asynchronous
Parallel transmission
Transmitt er
Receiver
parallel the transfer speed by a factor n over serial transmission Parallel transmission requires n communication lines
Serial Transmission
Eight bits are transmitted one after another
0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0
Transmit ter
01001110
One wire is sufficient
0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0
Receiver
A sy n ch ro n o u s e tim in g o f a sig n a l is u n im p o rta n t. Th T h e sta rt a n d sto p b its a n d th e g a p a le rt th e re ce iv e r to th e b e g in n in g a n d e n d o f e a ch b y te a n d a llo w it to sy n ch ro n ize w ith th e d a ta stre a m T h e tra n sm issio n o f e a ch b y te m a y th e n b e fo llo w e d b y a g a p o f v a ry in g d u ra tio n .
Transmit ter
Receiver
nchronous Transmission
The bit stream is combined into longer frames , which may contain multiple bytes . Each byte is introduced onto the transmission link without a gap between it and the next one
Transmit ter
0 0 1 1 01 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1
Receiver
Thank you