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Importance of maize
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. HIGH YIELD Year round production C4 crop, the crop of global warming Less disease and pests Versatile use; 1. Food (flour, flakes, soup) 2. Feed (poultry, dairy, fish) 3. Baby corn, green corn, pop corn 4. Starch, oil 5. Fodder, fuel 6. Green manure
2500.00
8.00
2000.00
1500.00
4.00
1000.00
3.00
2.00
500.00
1.00
0.00
0.00
Year Fig 1. Area, production and grain yield of maize in Bangladesh (1990-2010) Source: BBS and DAE, 2010
Yield (tonha
-1
6.00
5.00
0 -1 09 20 9 -0 08 20 8 -0 07 20 7 -0 06 20 6 -0 05 20 5 -0 04 20 4 -0 03 20 3 -0 01 20 2 -0 01 20 1 -0 99 19 0 -0 99 19 9 -9 97 19 8 -9 97 19 7 -9 95 19 6 -9 95 19 5 -9 93 19 4 -9 93 19 3 -9 91 19 2 -9 91 19 1 -9 89 19 0 -9 89 19
Growing Months
% RH
75 74
Maize Ecosystems
% Maize area
85 15
Winter Summer
Sub-tropical Tropical
Table 3. Production target in 2010, 2015, 2020, 2030 and 2050 (as far as available)
Projected population/ Demand/ Production target of maize Projected pop. (mil.) Demand (mil. ton) Target area (m ha) Target avg. yield (t/ha) Prodn, target (mil. ton)
Source: BBS and MoA
2010
2030
Problems
1. Pollination control 2. Inbreeding depression 3. Maintenance of inbred lines 4. Maintenance of hybrid variety ? 5. Short viability of seed 6. Shelling 7. Drying 8. Milling 9. Eating 10. Selling
Problems
1. Pollination control 2. Inbreeding depression 3. Maintenance of inbred lines 4. Maintenance of hybrid variety ? 5. Short viability of seed 6. Shelling 7. Drying 8. Milling 9. Eating 10. Selling
Variety development
1. 2. 3. Composite/Synthetic/OP Hybrid: Single, 3-way, double cross Top cross/Double top cross hybrid
4. 5. 6.
Classification
Dent maize Flint maize Sweet corn Flour corn Pop corn Pod maize Waxy maize Baby corn
Homestead areas
Achievement of BARI
List of hybrid maize varieties developed during 2000-2010
Hybrid Variety BARI hybrid maize 1 BARI hybrid maize 2 BARI hybrid maize 3 BARI hybrid maize 4 BARI hybrid maize 5 BARI hybrid maize 6 BARI hybrid maize 7 BARI hybrid maize 8 BARI hybrid maize 9 BARI hybrid maize 10 BARI hybrid maize 11 Yield (t/ha) 7.5 - 8.5 8.0 -9.0 9.0 -9.5 7.5 - 8.5 9.0 - 10.0 9.8 - 10.0 10.5-11.2 9.7 -11.5 10.2 -12.0 9.0 -11.5 9.5 -11.5 Maturity 140-145 138-142 144-150 142-146 140-145 141-145 141-145 142-146 145-150 145-150 147-153 Year of release 2000 2002 2002 2002 2004 2006 2006 2007 2007 2008 2008 Grain colour and texture Orange-yellow, flint Orange-yellow, semi-flint Yellow, dent Orange-yellow, flint Orange-yellow, flint Yellow, flint Yellow, flint Yellow, dent Orange-yellow, dent Yellow, flint Yellow, flint
Flint maize
Dent maize
Sweet corn
Popped corn
Pop corn
Baby Corn
Baby corn without husk
Estimation of heterosis Mid parent heterosis % = F1-Mean of parents (MP) --------------------------------------X 100 Mean of parents (MP) Heterobeltiosis % F1-Mean of better parent (BP) --------------------------------------X 100 Mean of better parents Standard heterosis % F1-Mean of standard check --------------------------------------X 100 Standard check
Source/base materials
Heterozygous and heterogenous/homogenous Broad based Achievement -Will be more with more
genetic distances/ diversed alleles
Inbreeding :
Inbreeding Depression : Loss in vigour due to inbreeding. Heterosis : Superiority of F1 over the parents (or even
inferiority to both the parents).
Hybrid Vigour : Synonymous to Heterosis. Hybrid : Progeny from hybridization between two or more strains. Hybrid variety : A hybrid variety is the F1 generation from a
cross between two different strains.
Types of hybrids
a) Single cross: A single cross hybrid is the product of a cross
between two unrelated inbreds. Seed parent X Pollen parent (Inbred A) (Inbred B) Single cross (AB)
3. Production of hybrid seed i.e. single cross, threeway cross and double cross 4.Processing of the hybrid seed
Breeder seed
The breeders seed refers to the seed stock of a parental line developed by plant breeder. It is the type of seed with highest level of purity. The plant breeders responsibility is to maintain and increase the breeders seed.
Foundation seed
The breeder seed is multiplied to produce foundation seed. Responsibility for production of foundation seed is often assigned to specialized agencies.
Certified seed
The foundation seed is multiplied to produce certified seed. The seed growers under inspection provided by the certifying agencies produce certified seed.
Types of hybrid
Inbred parents 2 3 4
SC Hybrid parent 1 2 1 1 1
Total
3 5 7
Time of sowing Plant population densities Avoiding mixtures of males and females Female : Male ratios
Isolation
1.
Isolation Distance
of the contaminating source. Minimum isolation distances for hybrid maize as foundation and certified seeds are 400 m and 200 m, respectively
- Certainly, the greater the distance and number of male
border rows, the less chance of contaminate pollen entering in the field.
2. Time Isolation
25 days to one month difference between the planting of seed crop and potential contaminate sources. This time may slightly vary with different varieties.
Proc. of the Third Ann. Seed Tech. Conf., Iowa State University, 1980.
Roguing There are three basic types of rogues Volunteer corn : These are corn plants grown in the
field from previous year outside the production field but within the isolation limit.
Females in male rows and vice versa. Some plants may be displaced during irrigation and other cultural operation.
When to rogue
Roguing should be done during the following stages of plant growth :
Post emergence
: Rogue off-type plants that are often easily identified due to their difference in size and their position out of the rows. : Rogue off-type plants, which differ from the given genotypes in respect to stalk development, plant type, pigmentation, leaf and stem pubescence. : Rogue off-type plants, which differ in agronomic and morphological characteristics, before pollen shedding starts. : Rouge off-type and diseased plants.
Vegetative development
Flowering
Post flowering
Detasseling
A detasseling team comprised of sincere, efficient workers should be employed for this work. The detasseling team has to work in the field everyday, rain or shine. Tassel should be pulled when they are well out of the boot. This often occurs 1-2 days after the tassels are first visible. If the detasseling is done before optimum stage, 1 or 2 leaves may be removed with the tassel, or the tassel may break off and not completely removed. Removal of tassel along with leaves may reduce the seed yield.
Harvesting
Harvest - Timing
Seed should be harvested when physiological or functional maturity is attained. This generally coincides with the maximum accumulation of dry matter and is know as physiological maturity.
Dry husks
Milk layer
Black layer
At physiological maturity (30 35% moisture) Advantages a) best seed quality b) market seed earlier c) land availability for subsequent crop Disadvantages a) Requires mechanical drying facilities b) Cost c) Risk of heat damage
Sorting/Selection
Sun drying
Usually done before shelling on a patio with a concrete floor or on black plastic sheeting Labor is required to spread and turn cobs (or grain) to evenly expose them to sun Long drying time where seed may be exposed to rain, insects, etc.
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