HAEMOPHILUS

MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2 LECTURER: MISS AMILIA ABDUL RAHMAN K PREPARED BY: NAVINRAJ NAIDU A/L SURAISH NAIDU

DML:0131/10

Introduction
Haemophilus - gram-negative, pleomorphic, coccobacilli bacteria. Belongs to the Pasteurellaceae family. Small coccobacilli Its is a pleomorphic bacteria because of its wide range shapes. All are may aerobic and facultatively anaerobic.

Characteristics of Haemophilus
Chocolate agar is an excellent Haemophilus growth medium. Sometimes Haemophilus cultured using the "Staph streak" technique Haemophilus colonies grow in smaller colonies around the larger Staphylococcus colonies. The metabolism of Staphylococcus produces the necessary blood factor for Haemophilus growth.

 Species of the genus Haemophilus require either or both of two factors X and V for growth Its is used to differentiate the species. Both factors are present in blood. X factor comprises haemin .These are required for growth of the species . V factor comprises nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). These required for energy source.

 "Staph streak" technique

Species
Haemophilus influenzae Haemophilus ducreyi Haemophilus parainfluenzae Haemophilus aphrophilus Haemophilus aegyptius Haemophilus avium Haemophilus felis Haemophilus haemolyticus

Characteristic Of Species
H. influenzae consist of type b which is an important human infecting pathogens H. ducreyi - a sexually transmitted pathogen, causes chancroid

Other species are among the normal flora of mucous membranes and only occasionally cause disease.

H.Influenza
A gram negative coccobacilli Pleomorphic shape - short (1.5 m), sometimes occurs in pairs or short chains Nonmotile Non-spore-forming

Con t
Fastidious Facultative anaerobe Strains of H. influenzae possess a polysaccharide capsule Most virulent strain is H. influenzae type b (Hib)

Pathogenesis
Naturally-acquired disease The none capsulated H. influenzae is a regular member of the normal respiratory flora of humans H. influenzae invasive diseases in young infants and children (<5 years children)

Most common invasive disease

      
Bacteremia Meningitis Otitis media Sinusitis Tracheobronchitis Epiglottitis Pneumonia

Terms
Meningitis = inflamation protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord Epiglottitis=inflammation of epiglotitis cause epiglottitis to either obstruct or completely close off the wind pipe this resulting to interence when breathing Tracheobronchitis=inflamation of trachea , may cause obstruction of air passage

Sinusitis=Inflamation of paranasal sinuses. Otitis Media = inflamation of middle ear,located between the tympanic membrane and inner ear , includding a duct known as eustachian tube. Pneumonia = is an inflammatory condition of the lung.

Pathogenesis mechanism
Disease of H. influenzae begins in the upper respiratory tract as nasopharyngitis. Then followed by sinusitis and otitis and it will leading to pneumonia. .

Symptoms
Runny nose Fever Headache Coma Airway obstruction Suffocation

Diagnosis
Specimen used are nasopharyngeal cavity or sputum. Blood culture Immunologic detection of H. influenzae antigens in spinal fluid

Treatment
Amoxicillin Cefuroxime Ciprofloxacin Azithromycin