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Lecture 25 25
Instructor: Prof. Ali Keyhani
Contact Person: E-mail: keyhani.1@osu.edu Tel.: 614-292-4430 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering The Ohio State University
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ORGANIZATION
I. Voltage Source Inverter (VSI)
A. Six-Step VSI B. Pulse-Width Modulated VSI
III. References
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Fig. 2 Waveforms of gating signals, switching sequence, line to negative voltages for six-step voltage source inverter.
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Fig. 3 Six inverter voltage vectors for six-step voltage source inverter.
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Phase voltages
Van = 2/3VaN - 1/3VbN - 1/3VcN Vbn = -1/3VaN + 2/3VbN - 1/3VcN Vcn = -1/3VaN - 1/3VbN + 2/3VcN
Fig. 4 Waveforms of line to neutral (phase) voltages and line to line voltages for six-step voltage source inverter.
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(Vab )1 (rms) !
Harmonic Frequency Components (Vab)h : amplitudes of harmonics decrease inversely proportional to their harmonic order
ab )h (rms) !
0.78 Vdc h
where, h ! 6n s 1 (n ! 1, 2, 3,.....)
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Harmonics of order three and multiples of three are absent from both the line to line and the line to neutral voltages and consequently absent from the currents
Output amplitude in a three-phase inverter can be controlled by only change of DC-link voltage (Vdc)
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Disadvantages of PWM
Increase of switching losses due to high PWM frequency Reduction of available voltage EMI problems due to high-order harmonics
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vtri
vcontrol_A
vcontrol_
B
vcontrol_C
When vcontrol > vtri, VA0 = Vdc/2 When vcontrol < vtri, VA0 = -Vdc/2 where, VAB = VA0 VB0 VBC = VB0 VC0 VCA = VC0 VA0
V BC V CA
VAB
V B0
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VA0
fs , where, f s ! PWM f1
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Drawbacks
Large current ripple in steady-state Variation of switching frequency No intercommunication between each hysterisis controller of three phases and hence no strategy to generate zero-voltage vectors. As a result, the switching frequency increases at lower modulation index and the signal will leave the hysteresis band whenever the zero vector is turned on. The modulation process generates subharmonic components
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where, upper transistors: S1, S3, S5 lower transistors: S4, S6, S2 switching variable vector: a, b, c
Fig. 10 Three-phase power inverter.
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variable
vector [a
b c]t
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This PWM technique approximates the reference voltage Vref by a combination of the eight switching patterns (V0 to V7) CoordinateTransformation (abc reference frame to the stationary d-q frame)
: A three-phase voltage vector is transformed into a vector in the stationary d-q coordinate frame which represents the spatial vector sum of the three-phase voltage
The vectors (V1 to V6) divide the plane into six sectors (each sector: 60 degrees) Vref is generated by two adjacent non-zero vectors and two zero vectors 22 /35
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Fig. 12 Locus comparison of maximum linear control voltage in Sine PWM and SV PWM.
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Space Vector PWM provides more efficient use of supply voltage in comparison with sine PWM
Sine PWM : Locus of the reference vector is the inside of a circle with radius of 1/2 Vdc Space Vector PWM : Locus of the reference vector is the inside of a circle with radius of 1/3 Vdc
@ Voltage Utilization: Space Vector PWM = 2/3 times of Sine PWM
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V ref ! Vd 2 Vq 2 ! tan 1 ( Vq Vd )!
st
!2
st
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V ! V dt V dt V
ref 1 2 0 0 T1 T1 T2
T1
T1 T2
Tz
@Tz Vref ! (T V1 T2 V2 ) 1 cos( ) 1 cos( / 3) 2 2 Tz Vref ! T Vdc T2 Vdc 1 3 3 sin ( ) 0 sin ( / 3) (where, 0 e e 60r)
@T1 ! Tz a @T2 ! Tz a sin(T / 3 E ) sin(T / 3) sin(E ) sin(T / 3) Vref 2 Vdc 3
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@ T2 ! !
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(a) Sector 1.
(b) Sector 2.
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(c) Sector 3.
(d) Sector 4.
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(e) Sector 5.
(f) Sector 6.
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III. REFERENCES
[1] N. Mohan, W. P. Robbin, and T. Undeland, Power Electronics: Converters, Applications, and Design, 2nd ed. New York: Wiley, 1995. [2] B. K. Bose, Power Electronics and Variable Frequency Drives:Technology and Applications. IEEE Press, 1997. [3] H.W. van der Broeck, H.-C. Skudelny, and G.V. Stanke, Analysis and realization of a pulsewidth modulator based on voltage space vectors, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol.24, pp. 142-150, 1988.
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