Structure of Matter: Three states of matter; atom, molecule, element & compound; atomic structure; types of bond; periodic

table

Solids, Liquids and Gases

 Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. All substances can be classified into 3 states of matter: solid, liquid and gas.

Solids Shape Fixed shape

Liquids

Gases

No fixed shape. No fixed shape. Takes the shape of Takes the shape of the container the container Fixed volume No fixed volume. Takes the volume of the container Very compressible

Volume

Fixed volume

Compressibility

Incompressible

Very slightly compressible; negligible

1.Solids with particles in repeating geometric patterns are crystals. Those with particles arranged randomly are amorphous. 1.Plasma
1.Hot, ionized gas particles. 2.Electrically charged. 3.Most common state in universe. 4.E.g. Stars, Sun ,TVs , etc

 The Kinetic Theory was proposed to explain the characteristics of the three states of matter. It states that all matter is made up of extremely small particles that are in constant motion. These particles can be atoms, ions or molecules.

SOLID Diagrammatic representation

LIQUID

GAS

Packing between particles

Particles are very closely packed in an orderly arrangement

Particles are close packed in a disorderly arrangement

Particles are far apart in a disorderly arrangement Weak forces of attraction between particles. Particles are in random motion

Forces of attraction between particles Movement of particles

Very strong forces of Strong forces of attraction between attraction between particles particles Particles can only vibrate and rotate about fixed position Particles can move and exchange partners throughout the liquid

 Energy determines the state!

 MELTING takes place when the particle of a solid absorb enough energy to overcome the forces holding them in a fixed position and move. They rearrange themselves to form a liquid. FREEZING is the reverse process of melting. At freezing point the liquid particles will lose energy when they rearrange to form back the solid structure.

 BOILING & EVAPORATION are both physical processes that change a liquid into a gas. The liquid absorbs heat energy during these changes in state. CONDENSATION is the reverse of boiling. The gas particle will lose energy when cooled and rearrange themselves back into a liquid structure.

 SUBLIMATION takes place when a solid changes into a gas directly, without going through the liquid state. Example: solid carbon dioxide (dry ice), iodine crystals and mothballs. Deposition is a process in which gas transforms into solid (also known as desublimation). The reverse of deposition is sublimation. One example of deposition is the process by which, in sub-freezing air, water vapor changes directly to ice without first becoming a liquid. This is how snow forms in clouds, as well as frost and hoar frost on the ground.

 Atom is the basic building block of matter. Atoms are made up of 3 types of particles: protons, neutrons and electrons. Atoms are electrically neutral. The number of protons is equal to the number of electrons. The atomic number (proton number) is defined as the number of protons in an atom. It also gives the number of electrons in the atom. The mass number (nucleon number) is defined as the number of protons an neutrons the element atom in the Mass number Symbol of
(nucleon number) Proton number (atomic number)

 Molecules are groups of atoms bonded together. Elements are made up of only one kind of atoms. It is a substance which cannot be separated into anything simpler by chemical means Example: Helium, Hydrogen and Iron A compound is made up of two or more of elements chemically combined together. Examples: Hydrogen Chloride, HCl and Water, H2O A mixture is made up of two or more elements or compounds physically combined together but not chemically combined. The components can be separated easily from one form to another using methods such as