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Act that violates a social norm Violation of cultural norm Refer to any action that is perceived as violating some widely shared moral values or norms of a society or group culture Deviant vary and change Prerequisite to deviance is the violation of standards of conduct or expectation of a group o society. Deviant fails to conform to the norms of group Deviation from norms may not always be negative

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Deviance can be understood within social context CRIME Violation of norms formally enacted into criminal law. Variable (minor violation to heinous) Juvenile delinquency x Violation of legal standards that apply to the young or juveniles. Criminal and noncriminal deviance x Criminal-violation of criminal law x Non-criminal- homophobia, pornography, mental disorder

Social definition of deviance Erikson x no act is inherently deviant x property conferred upon behaviour x Deviance elicits social disapproval and cause people to exclaim x Following deviation from accepted norms conduct and behaviour is disapproval by the other members of society May change over time Scott G. McNall and Sally Allen McNall x Deviants are people who break a societys rule

Bio-Psychological theories of deviance Biological and Psychological theories x Cesare Lombroso x Italian father of criminology x Sort out who was and was not a criminology x Criminals x Low cranial capacity, retreating forehead, highly developed frontal sinus, tufted hair, large ears and relative insensibility to pain x Occupies the lowest rung on the human evolutionary ladder

x Index of criminality based in shape of a persons head and earlobe x Charles Goring x Opposed Lombroso x Criminals and non criminals are physically the same Somototype (theory of body type) x William H. Sheldon x Crime is biologically determined x The Varieties of Human Physique x Predicts mans like and dislikes by measuring his body

x Stated that peoples behaviour or temperament is determined by their physique x Endomorphs x Fat, soft, and round with short tapering limbs x Ectomorphs x Thin, delicate and bony with small faces, sharp noses and fine hair x Mesomorphs x Big boned and muscular with large trunks, heavy chest and large wrists and hands x However, studies did not show that body type cause delinquency. They showed that body type is related to aggression among females than among males.

Genetics x Excessive aggression and hostility are the result of the presence of extra Y chromosome. x This theory argues that there is a disproportionate number of criminal men with an XYY chromosomal makeup Pathology x Alcoholic Anonymous x Both a physical allergy and mental compulsion x Physical sickness as a form of social deviance x Smith and Preston x Pathology based theory is easily understood x Pathology removes the element of blame

Socio-biological theories x Edward Wilson x Socio-biology as a science with a broad scope x Human social behaviour is genetically determined to the extent that biology defines human learning potential x Human mind is biologically programmed to accept certain experience while x Common biological traits may be linked to criminality x Social influences on human behaviour

x SOCIAL BIOLOGICAL APPROACHES x Evolutionary process x Long term development of specific behaviour x Genetic difference x Behaviour is influenced by hereditary factors

Neurological Difference x Concerns wide range of physiological factors that might influence human behaviour x Hormone imbalance, vitamin deficiency, brain malfunctioning or any organic aspect that might interfere with learning or behaving x Tend to be individualistic, focusing on abnormalities x Physiological explanation of deviance downplay biological factors and emphasize instead the role of parents and early childhood experience x Seeds of deviance are planted in childhood and that adult behaviour is manifestation of early experience rather than an expression of ongoing social and cultural factors

Psychoanalytic theory x Sigmund Freud x Unconscious causes one to commit deviant acts x Three parts of personality x Id- irrational drives and instincts x Superego- authority figures x Ego-balance among the impulsiveness of the id, restrictions and demand of superego and requirement of the society x All of us have deviant tendency because of id x We learn to control our behaviour because of socialization

Behavioral theories x People adjust and modify their behaviour in response to the rewards and punishment elicited by their actions x Deviant behaviour according to this theory is learned by series of trials and errors Containment theory x Walter Reckless and Simon Dinitz x Juvenile delinquency as the outcome of childrens personality traits x Strong moral values and positive self image in younger age x Eplained that good children seem to have a strong conscience Coped with frustration and positive cultural norm

x Personal patterns have some relationship to deliquency x Approaches x Many crimes are comiited by people wjo are not psychologically abnormal x The aproach looks at the individuals and it ignores how normal and abnormal personality traits vary from society to society in the same manner that deviance varies with cultural values.

x Other sociologist view deliquency and criminal behaviours are less produt of association x Criminal behavior is greater in certain communities x Criminality is not equally prevalent x Conclusion x Biological and psychological approaches view deviance as an individual attribute. x Albert Cohen x The Adolescent behavior is influenced by deliquent subcultures whose particular narom and values of deferred gratification, hard work, moderation and sobriety which are emphasized in the larger society, the values of the gang center on short run hedonism and promote adventure, thrills and laslessness

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Functionalist Theory Emile Durkheim: Functions of deviance a) Deviance clarifies rules- by punishing behaviorsociety reaffirms its commitment to the rules and clarifies their meaning b) Deviance unites a group- deviant act seen as a threat to group solidarity and members mobilize to preserve and protect the group c) Deviance promotes social change- deviants may violate norms in order to get them changed

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Strain Theory Robert Mertons Strain Theory Strain Theory- people feel strain when they are exposed to cultural goals that they are unable to obtain because they do not have access to culturally approved means of achieving these goals These goals may be material possessions or moneythe approved means may include and education and jobs When denied legitimate access to these goals- some people seek access through deviant means

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Merton adapted five ways in which people seek cultural goals and approved ways of achieving them:conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism and rebelli on Ex. Conformity- people who want to achieve success work hard, save money May take a lower paying job and attend school part-time Remaining four types of adaptions as deviance Innovation- Theft and illegal activities- embezzlement, cheating on taxes Ritualism- Seek respect of others by being a hard worker or good citizen Retreatism- Skid row alcoholics and drug addicts Rebellion- May use violence or nonviolence

Mertons Typology of Adaptation to Strain Mode of Adaptation Conformity Innovation Ritualism Retreatism Rebellion Cultures Goals Accept Accept Reject Reject Reject Replace with Institutionalized Means Accept Reject Accept Reject Reject Replace with

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Deviant Subcultures Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlins Opportunity Theory For deviance to occur people must have access to illegitimate opportunity structures- circumstances that provide an opportunity for people to acquire through illegitimate activities what they can=t achieve through legitimate channels Ex. Gangs- may have insufficient legitimate means to achieve conventional goals of status and wealth- but have illegitimate opportunity structures Opportunity theory expands strain theory by pointing out the relationship between deviance and the availability of illegitimate

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Control Theory Travis Hirschi and Social Control Theory/ Social Bonding Theory (make note that this is a functional theory- but since symbols and meanings are central- it has been adopted by symbolic interactionists) Control theory maintains that we all have the capacity to commit deviant acts Most people dont commit deviant acts, however, because of a bonding to conventional society. Travis Hirschi identifies 4 elements to this social bond:
Attachment to othersemotional attachments to parents, teachers, etc. Commitment to conformityinvestment of time in conforming behavior such as school, sports, etc. Involvement in conventional activitiesleaving little time for deviant activities Belief in validity of social rulesacknowledging the moral authority of law and rules

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Shaming Theory Hirschi- emphasized how society controls individuals through bonding John Braithwaite- emphasized how society controls people through shaming 2 Types of Shaming: 1. Disintegrative shaming Where the wrongdoer is punished in such a way as to stigmatize, reject, or ostracize the society 2. Reintegrative shaming Which is more positive and involves making the wrongdoer feel guilty while showing him understanding, forgiveness, or even respect.

Conflict Perspective-Deviance and Social Inequality Alex Thio

x Analyze the different theories explaining the occurrence of deviance in society x Fuctionalism assumes that deviance has to do with social order in one way or another

Durkheim
x Deviance can bring about an orderly society

Merton
x Deviance results paradoxically from a cultures attempt to ensure a prosperous social order by encouraging an intense pursuit of success

Hirschi and Braithwaite

x Social bonding and shaming contribute to social order and the lack of them leads to social disorder

I. Conflict Theory ` Laws are use to protect and preserve the capitalist system ` Richard Quinney blamed unjust laws on the capitalist system contrary to the assumption that the law is based on the consent of citizens, that it treats citizens equally, and that it serves the best interest of society according to him, some criminals are used by the state and the ruling class to secure the survival of the capitalist system

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4 Things that dominant class involves: Defines as criminal those behaviors like murder, robbery, among others that threaten its interest Hires law enforcers to apply those definitions an d protect its interests Exploits the subordinate class by paying low wages Uses criminal actions to spread and reinforce the popular view

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Marxists -Marginal surplus population -large class of unemployed workers - people committing crime in order to survive since more and more lose their jobs s the capitalist system continuously increase profits by cutting labor costs and cost of production - Thio - useful in explaining why most laws favor the wealthy and powerful, and why the poor and the powerless commit most of the unprofitable crimes

II. Power Theory ` can also be significant cause of deviance ` powerful enjoy greater opportunities for deviance ` more influence in making of laws and implementation ` Thio ` Noted that powerful people have stronger deviant motivation

Symbolic Interactionist Perspective Deviance is learned through interaction with others I. Differential Association and Opportunity Theories ` states that individuals have a greater tendency to deviate from societal norms when they frequently associate with persons who are more favorable toward deviance than conformity ` result in criminal activity when a person has frequent, intense and long lasting interactions with others who violate the law ` contributes to our knowledge of how deviant behavior reflects the individuals learned techniques, values, attitudes, motives, and rationalizations ` Edward Sutherland ` - proposed a learning theory of social deviance ` - deviance is learned in the same way as normative behaviors through differential association. ` - to explain the various forms of deviance, including white collar crimes such as tax evasion, embezzlement and price fixing.

II. Labeling Theory ` suggests that deviants are those people who have been successfully labeled as such by others ` process of labeling is directly related to the power and status of those persons who do the labeling and those who are being labeled ` society tends to react to a rule-breaking act by labeling it as deviant ` Tischler ` - 3 factors determine whether a persons behavior will set in motion the process by which he or she will be labeled deviant ` The importance or gravity of the norms that are violated ` The social identity or status of the individual who violates them ` The nature of the social context of the behavior in question

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Edwin Lemert a.) Primary deviance - is the initial act of rule-breaking - refer to original behavior that leads to the individuals being labeled deviant A person smokes marijuana is not labeled as deviant and then decides to stop smoking pot b.) Secondary deviance - occurs when a person who has been labeled as deviant accepts that new identity and continues the deviant behavior - refer to the deviant behavior that emerges as a result having been labeled deviant Secondary deviance occurs if the person smokes marijuana and is labeled a Apothead@, accepts the label and continues to smoke pot

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Functions of Deviance outlined by Ronald W. Smith and Frederick W. Preston Deviance serves as an outlet for diverse forms of expression. Deviance serves to define the limits of acceptable behavior. Deviance may also promote in-group solidarity. Deviance can serve as a barometer of social strain.

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By various sociologists Theory of Durkheim- Deviance is an integral part of all healthy societies, defines certain behavior as deviant leads such community to define what is acceptable. Serve as catalyst for social change. Serve to reinforce existing norms or catalyst for new ones. May receive attention easily, and consequently, assistance than those exhibiting behavior of conformity. Functions as method of ventilating collective grievances and publicizing social injustice. Identify values and beliefs of the deviant.

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Social Control of Deviance Social Control - refers to the efforts of a group or society to regulate the behavior of its members in conformity with established norms. - involves the application of systematic behavioral restrains intended to motivate people to obey social expectations.

2 Types of Sanctions: 1. Informal Sanctions ` - unofficial, casual pressures to conform ` Positive informal sanctions ` involve rewards for conformity or compliance. ` e.g. smiles, kiss, affirmation, words of approval ` Negative informal sanctions ` - involve informal penalties for not conforming ` e.g. ridicule, ostracism, rejection or expulsion from group 2. Formal sanctions ` - official, institutionalized incentives to conform and penalties for deviance. ` - needed in large, complex societies

Formal Social Control ` an official pressure intended to convince potential deviants to conform to social norms. ` form of formal sanctions such as arrest, pre-trial and trial, sentencing, or imprisonment ` through law as statutes, rules, and regulations against deviant behavior. ` conducted by government and organizations using law enforcement mechanisms
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