MIGMATITES AND PEAK METAMORPHISM

Rupali Lohani Research Scholar Dept. of EarthSciences Indian Institute ofTechnology Roorkee
1

MIGMATITES


 

The term was coined by Sederholm(1907),and means mixed rock; part igneous, part metamorphic or frontier between igneous and metamorphic rock Comprising felsic domain, leucosome and maffic domain, melanosome Exhibit both intrusive igneous and foliated metamorphic textures. Parent rock is gneiss Developed in metapelites,but also occur in metamorphosed sandy and arkosic sediments,mafic rocks, and granitoids

CONT
 

Main processes leading to crustal differentiation Breakdown of muscovite and biotite at high grades may cause partial melting. Evolution of orogenic belts at convergent plate boundaries is associated with extensive partial melting of the continental crust as attested by the genesis and exhumation of migmatitic and granitic terranes Fossilized partially molten source regions of granites

BODIES WITHIN MIGMATITES

CONT..

Neosome: The newly formed parts of a migmatite (metatects and restites). Leucosome: The lightest-coloured parts of a migmatite. Mesosome: Rock portion of a migmatite,that is intermediate in colour between leucosome and melanosome. protolith of the migmatite Melanosome: The darkest parts of a migmatite, usually with prevailing dark minerals. Palaeosome: Part of a migmatite representing the parent rock Restite: Remnant of a metamorphic rock from which a substantial amount of the more mobile components have been extracted without being replaced

PRINCIPAL PARTS

MELANOSOME = Residue

LEUCOSOME = Liquid = granitic magma

MESOSOME = Not melted

6

COMPOSITION


Mean composition range from granitic to tonalitic and quartzitic Leucosome do not have composition of magmatic liquid but of feldspar.plagioclase is more sodic Melanosome do not have composition of residue of melting, but of biotite After melting chemical elements were redistributed between mineral phases.Whole system reequilibrated

TERMS RELATING TO MELTING

ANATEXIS(low) METATEXIS(moderate) DIATEXIS (extensive)

Anatexis

Metatexis

Diatexis

Source:www. petrology.oxfordjournals.org
8

TYPES OF MIGMATITES


Metatexite: pre-migmatization layering,foliation, banding which survived partial melting, low melt fraction. rheology of a solid Diatexite: pre-migmatization structure destroyed, large melt fraction. rheology of a magma Arterite: darker parts are injected by introduced from outside Venite:material of the lighter veins (leucosomes) is extracted from the parent rock Phlebite: veined rock; the veins may have been injected from outside
9

Metatexite-Diatexite

Arterite

Venite

Source: wikipedia

10

STRUCTURES IN MIGMATITE


Palimpsest structure: Structure in a migmatite rock that can be recognised as pre-migmatitic Stromatic: migmatite with regular layers, the layers having two or more different compositions or appearances Nebulites:diffuse relics of pre-existing rocks or rock structures.Higher temperature migmatites Patch migmatites:more varied than the stromatic migmatites and range from small,irregular patches, <1020 cm across, to dyke networks with individual dykes 3040 cm across and 3 4m long
11

CONT..


Agmatic:Breccia-like. Numerous blocks of paleosome are surrounded by subordinate and relatively narrow veins of leucosome. Schollen: Blocks of non leucosme in leucosome Schlieren:Streaks of non-leucosome in leucosme.It is most commonly found in stromatic migmatites Dilation structure in which leucosome fills opening in stretched competent layers
12

 

Agmatite

Schleiren

Stromatic

Schollen

Source:users.monash.edu.au

13

Patch Structure

Dilational Structure

14

TEXTURE(MICROSTRUCTURE)
Textural properties are:  Grain Size:sensitive to degree of melt segregation.. Pegmatitic(coarser)leucosome may grow from aqueous fluids.whilewater saturated melts produce aplitic leucosome.


Grain Shape: form of aspect ratio. discrimination between anatectic and non-anatectic trondhjemitoids by aspect ratio of plagioclase. Petrofabric:Relative timing of migmatization in structural evolution of terrain
15

CONT.


Primary replacement textures: K-feldspar is often replaced by a muscovite-quartz intergrowth together with myrmekite.It is interpreted in terms of reaction between the cooling melt and mineral crystallizing from it Idiomorphic zoning in plagioclase: In leucosome,an idiomorphic zone-boundary is found in normally zoned plagioclase.This effect is present in diatexite Ptygmatic folds: irregular folding in migmatites which are inferred to have been partly molten when folded. These are formed by highly plastic ductile deformation of the gneissic banding

16

:Replacement Texture

Idiomorphic Zoning in plagioclase

Ptygmatic Fold

Source:www. petrology.oxfordjournals.org

17

GEOCHEMISTRY OF MIGMATITE


  

The leucosomes of the stromatic migmatites are too felsic and too depleted in FeO, MgO and TiO2 Leucosome = +Eu anamoly Melanosome= - Eu anamoly Leucosomes depleted and melanosomes enriched in REE contents. due to separation and concentration of accessory minerals (monazite, epidote, zircon, apatite, garnet) into the melanosomes Granitic melts, which are derived from metasedimentary sources, usually have higher FeO, TiO2, MgO, LREE, Th, U and Zr contents .
18

MIGMATITES REE PATTERNS

Source: After Warsaw, January 2003

19

Source: After Warsaw, January 2003

20

CORRELATION OF MAGMATIC CRYSTALLISATION AND MIGMATIC CRYSTALLISATION

source: www.annualreviews.org.com
21

MIGMATIZATION PROCESSES

Process require open system Process require presence of melt Process does not require presence of melt Magmatic Injection

Process does not require open system Anatexis

Metasomatism

Metamorphic Differentiation

22

PARAGENESIS
 

Prograde metamorphism, where partial melting occurs in pre-existing rocks Result from different rockforming processes such as:
Metamorphic differentiation  Metasomatism  Injection of foreign magmas along foliation planes  Partial melting (anatexis) with or without segregationof initial melts


23

MODEL OF FORMATION OF MIGMATITES

 

Parent rock is a heterogeneous layered paragneiss Somelayers of the gneiss are transformed into neosomes,others remain unchanged become mesosomes. Neosomes and mesosomes have different chemical compositions which corresponds to different rock compositions Leucosomes are leucocratic lithologies of a migmatite and have plutonic appearance. Melanosomes are dark coloured lithologies The melanosomes are formed by concentrationof biotite at the periphery of the neosomes
24

MIGMATITES IN HIGHER HIMALAYAN CRYSTALLINE



Exhibit extreme flowage in high grade metamorphic within HHC The HHC consists predominantly of high-grade pelitic migmatites with subordinate calc-silicate rocks, metabasites and granites Approximately 3050% of the map area of the Central Crystalline Complex of the Higher Himalayas is composed of Miocene leucogranites intruding metamorphic basement rocks. Extremely high 87Sr/86Sr initial ratios of leucogranites (0.7550.769) indicate a crustal anatectic origin
25

MIGMATITE AND GRANITE

MIGMATITES : liquid and restite in contact Re-equilibration Loss of magmatic signature

GRANITES : liquid and restite separated No re-equilibration Preservation of magmatic signature

Source:Warsaw, January 2003

26

MIGMATITE AND GENERATION OF GRANITE

2 types of magmatic theories explain the generation of granites:
Magmatic: crystal fractionation of mafic magma  Anatectic: ultra metamorphism and partial melting of crustal rocks.


Migmatites: result in to granite from anatexis of crustal rocks along with segregation, aggregation, ascent and emplacement of resultant magma

27

A TRANSITION FROM METASEDIMENTARY ROCK VIA DIAXETITE MIGMATITE TO ANATECTIC GARNITE MAGMA
Feildspar+quartz+Cumulate
Fractionated anatectite melts (Granites and Pegamatites)

Early crystallized phases + resisdue phases cucumulates

Anatectic granites

Mefidium schlieren

Melacratic diatexite (Residual diatexite)

Leucocratic diatexite Melt-rich diatexite

Metataxite Rock rheology

Diatexite Mesocratic Magmal rheology

Metasedimantary Palaeosome

28

CONCLUSION


 

The migmatites contain a mineralogical and microstructural record of metamorphism and melting along an overall clockwise pressuretemperature evolution Melts generated in most migmatite terranes represent the precursors of S-type granitic pluton Granitic melts generated undergo considerable modification during ascent to achieve the chemical characteristics of pluton-sized granitic bodies Crustal melting and granite generation play important role in crustal recycling and magma differentiation Mechanism of melt transfer during orogeny Furnishing unique perspective on fundamental process in the evolution of Earth.
29

THANK YOU

30 30