1

August
01 A CCMLL1L A88AnCLMLn1 Cl 8C1LC1lCn
LCulMLn1 Anu C1PL8 uLvlCLS 8LCul8Lu 1C ACPlLvL A
SLClllLu lunC1lCn 8ASLu Cn A 8C1LC1lCn 8lnClLL
00/ WPLn LCulMLn1 lAlLS 1PL LnL8C? lS 8LLLASLu
Anu LvL8? CCMCnLn1 ln 1PL S?S1LM lS A1 8lSk 1PL
8C1LC1lvL 8LLA?lnC S?S1LM MCnl1C8S 1PL S?S1LM
Anu lnl1lA1L AC1lCn ACCC8ulnCL?
.t is Protection System ?
2
Purpose of Protection System:
1he proLecLlve relavlna svsLem senses Lhe abnormal condlLlon of power
svsLem and alves an alarm or lsolaLes Lhe defecLlve svsLem from Lhe
healLhv svsLem
A faulL ln an elecLrlcal svsLem ls deflned as a defecL ln lLs elecLrlcal
clrculL due Lo whlch Lhe currenL ls dlverLed from Lhe lnLended paLh
laulLs are aenerallv caused bv breaklna of conducLors or fallure of
lnsulaLlon Some oLher causes of faulL condlLlons lnclude
Mechanlcal fallure
LnvlronmenL dlsLurbances
Lxcesslve lnLernal exLernal sLresses
CperaLlna error
LqulpmenL malfuncLlons
1he faulL lmpedance belna low Lhe faulL currenL are relaLlvelv verv
hlah and flows Lowards Lhe faulL

%equirements of Protection system:

Selectivity ablllLv Lo selecL Lhe faulLv parL of ln svsLem
dlsconnecL Lhe faulLv parL wlLhouL dlsLurblna resL of Lhe
healLhv svsLem
Speed of Oper.tion- The faulLv secLlon should be lsolaLed
as fasL as posslble Lo mlnlmlze Lhe damaae Lo equlpmenLs
and lncrease Lhe sLablllLv of operaLlon of healLhv svsLem
Sensitivity ablllLv Lo operaLe wlLh low value of acLuaLlna
quanLlLles
%eli./ility ablllLv Lo operaLe under Lhe faulLv condlLlons
onlv
4
Types of Protective equipment
FUSES
N!N!ATU%E C!%CU!T B%EAKE%S (NCB)
P%OTECT!vE %ELAYS
S
FUSES
A luse ls a shorL plece of meLal
lnserLed ln Lhe clrculL whlch melLs
when excesslve currenL flows
Lhrouah Lhe clrculL and Lhus breaks
Lhe faulLv clrculL
1he fuse elemenL ls aenerallv made of maLerlal havlna low
of low melLlna polnL hlah conducLlvlLv and leasL
deLerloraLlon due Lo oxldaLlon ea sllver copper eLc lL ls
lnserLed ln serles ln Lhe clrculL Lo be proLecLed
6
ClasslflcaLlon of luses
l LowvolLaae fuses
Semlenclosed rewlrable fuse
Plah rupLurlna capaclLv (P8C) carLrldae fuse
P8C fuse wlLh Lrlpplna devlce
ll PlahvolLaae fuses
CarLrldae Lvpe
Llquld Lvpe
MeLal clad fuses

Nini.ture Circuit Bre.2ers (NCBs)

MC8s ls a Lvpe of swlLch wlLh Lhermal conLacLs lL can
open or close a clrculL under all condlLlons vlz no load full
load or faulL condlLlons lL can be operaLed manuallv
under normal condlLlons and auLomaLlcallv under faulL
condlLlons
8
Protection %el.y
A proLecLlon relav ls a devlce LhaL deLecLs Lhe faulL and
lnlLlaLes Lhe operaLlon of Lhe clrculL breaker Lo lsolaLe Lhe
defecLlve svsLem from Lhe resL of Lhe healLhv svsLem
1he relav deLecLs Lhe abnormal condlLlon bv consLanLlv
measurlna Lhe elecLrlcal quanLlLles ea volLaae currenL
frequencv phase anale sLaLus of clrculL breakers eLc
ln chanaes of one or more quanLlLles Lhe relav senses Lhe
faulLs lLs Lvpe and locaLlon of Lhe faulL
3
10
Essenti.l %equirements of Protective
System:
1. Current Tr.nsformers or CT :
CT,s .re required to sc.le down te
primery current to suit./le level so t.t
rel.y c.n use it. CT,s c.n /e single core
or multi core. E.c core c.n /e single
r.tio or multir.tio. Sep.r.te cores .re
needed for metering or protection
purposes. Norm.lly second.ry current is
1A or SA .s per requirement.
11
2. Potenti.l Tr.nsformers or volt.ge
Tr.nsformers or PT/ vT,s :
PT,s .re needed to sc.le down te
Primery volt.ge to suit./le level so t.t
it is useful for te rel.y. Norm.lly
second.ry volt.ge is 110 v or 110/\3
Volts as per requirement. PTs or vT,s
.re of single or tree p.se system.
12
Auxili.ry AC or DC Supply:
%eli./le .nd ste.dy .uxili.ry supply is needed so
t.t in .ll .dverse oper.ting conditions, it is
.v.il./le to te protective system to detect te
f.ulty condition, .nd te rel.y could isol.te te
f.ulty system from te e.lty system wit te
.id of circuit /re.2ers.
Norm.lly DC wit /.ttery c.rgers .re used .s
reli./le .nd ste.dy .uxili.ry supply system.
Norm.lly 12 v, 24 v, 48 v, 110 v or 220 v DC
.uxili.ry supply system .re used.
1
4. Circuit Bre.2ers:
Circuit /re.2ers or CB,s .re very muc needed to
oper.te te electric.l circuits in .ll te oper.ting
conditions i.e. on noLo.d, on Fulllo.d.
CB .re .lso required to isol.te te f.ulty system
from e.lty system on receipt of comm.nd from
te protective system in te sortest possi/le time.
CB st.tus is .lso .v.il./le to te protective system
to properly t.2e te decision of te f.ult.
14
S.Prec.utions wile developing/ studying
scem.tics:
All te scem.tics .re m.de witout
.ny .c/dc supplies,
All te pressure switces .re in zero
pressure st.te,
All rel.ys .re in nonoper.ting st.te .nd
teir cont.cts .re in norm.l st.te,
No current/ volt.ge from CT/ PT is
.v.il./le.
1S
v.rious types of %el.ys .ccording to principle
of oper.tion .re .s follows:
1) Electrom.gnetic Attr.ction %el.y
i. Attr.cted .rm.ture type
ii. Solenoid type
iii. B.l.nced /e.m type
1he relav operaLes bv vlrLue of a plunaer belna aLLracLed lnLo a
solenold or an armaLure belna aLLracLed Lowards Lhe pole of
an elecLromaaneL whlch ln Lurn operaLes Lhe assoclaLed
conLacLs bank 1hese Lvpes of relavs mav be operaLed bv dc
or ac quanLlLles llke as volLaae currenL eLc normallv Lhls
Lvpe of relavs are used for supplv sLaLus C8 sLaLus ConLacL
mulLlpllcaLlon eLc
16
2) Electrom.gnetic !nduction %el.y
1hese relavs operaLe on Lhe prlnclple of lnducLlon moLor and
are wldelv used for proLecLlve relavlna purposes
lnvolvlna ac quanLlLles An lnducLlon relav essenLlallv
conslsLs of a plvoLed alumlnlum dlsc placed ln Lwo
alLernaLlna maaneLlc flelds of same frequencv buL
dlsplaced ln Llme and space 1he Lorque ls produced ln
Lhe dlsc bv Lhe lnLeracLlon of one of Lhe maaneLlc flelds
wlLh Lhe currenLs lnduced ln Lhe dlsc bv Lhe oLher
ln order Lo obLaln Lhe phase dlfference ln Lhe flux and hence
Lhe operaLlna Lorque followlna Lhree Lvpes of sLrucLures
are used
a) Shadedpole sLrucLure
b) WaLLhour meLer sLrucLure
c) lnducLlon cup sLrucLure
1
Electrom.gnetic !nduction %el.y
18
STAT!C %ELAY
ln SLaLlc 8elavs Lhe measuremenL ls performed bv
elecLronlc/maaneLlc/opLlcal or oLher componenLs
wlLhouL mechanlcal moLlon SLaLlc relavs have
versaLlle characLerlsLlcs offer low burden and
lncorporaLe several proLecLlve/conLrol/monlLorlna
funcLlons ln one compacL unlL
13
MlC8C8CCLSSC8 based numerlcal 8elavs
ln 1980s proarammable sLaLlc relavs lncorporaLlna
,nn have been lnLroduced
A proarammable proLecLlon conLrol svsLem has a
Mlcroprocessor or MlcrocompuLer ln lLs clrculL WlLh
Lhe help of Lhe loalc and Lhe Mlcroprocessor Lhe
lnLearaLed svsLem can perform several funcLlons of
uaLa acqulslLlon uaLa processlna uaLa Lransmlsslon
proLecLlon conLrol
Larller for each of Lhese funcLlons separaLe
LlecLromaaneLlc or SLaLlc unlLs were used alona wlLh
complex lnLer module wlrlna
20
A/D
Converter
N!C%OP%OCESSO% !nput Unit
D.t. Logger
D.t. %equest
S Displ.y
vT
CT
CB
Trip coil
Bloc2 Di.gr.m of . simple Nicroprocessor /.sed Digit.l St.tic %el.y
Setting
!nput Unit
21
%el.y B.sed on .ctu.ting p.r.meters
Overcurrent %el.ys,
Under/ Over volt.ge rel.ys,
Over/ under frequency rel.ys,
Power direction.l rel.ys,
Overfluxing rel.ys etc.
22
%el.ys /.sed on Oper.ting
C.r.cteristics:
!nst.nt.neous %el.ys,
Definite time del.y rel.ys,
!nverse definite minimum time del.y
rel.ys (!DNT),
volt.ge restr.int over current rel.y,
2
%el.ys /.sed on teir uses:
1Differenti.l Protection %el.y
2.%estricted E/F %el.y,
.Dist.nce Protection %el.y,
4. Neg.tive P.se Sequence %el.y,
S. Neutr.l Overcurrent %el.y,
6. Neutr.l volt.ge Displ.cement %el.y,
. Over Fluxing %el.y,
24
8. Over/ under volt.ge %el.y,
3. Overcurrent %el.y,
10. Bus/.r Protection %el.y,
11. Bre.2er F.ilure %el.y,
12.Direction O/C S Direction.l E/F
%el.ys
1.Over/ Under Frequency %el.y,
2S
Oter type devices used .s %el.ys:
Oil Temper.ture %el.ys,
inding Temper.ture %el.ys,
Oil surge %el.ys (OS%),
Bucoltz C.s %el.y,
Pressure %elief v.lves (P%v),
Pressure Switces,
Level C.uges,
Flow meters, etc
26
2
%e Protection sceme of Vishnuprayag
Hydro Power Project(4x100MW) is
classified as :
Gcncra|or Pro|cc|ion
Gcncra|or Translormcr Pro|cc|ion
Bus-bar Pro|cc|ion
Bus Couplcr pro|cc|ion
Transmission Linc Pro|cc|ion
Shun| Rcac|or pro|cc|ion
28
Cener.tor/ Unit Protections
8elav Model8LC216 MakeA88
Malnl (C81) roLecLlon comprlslna
l CeneraLor ulfferenLlal
ll under lmpedance
lll neaaLlve hase Sequence
lv Cen Cver CurrenL (lnsL luM1 Lvpe)
v 100 SLaLor LarLh laulL
vl 8everse ower
vll Cver volLaae
vlll Loss of LxclLaLlon
lx 8alance volLaae
x Cen 1hermal roLecLlon
23
Malnll (C82) roLecLlon comprlslna
l CenLransformer Cver all ulfferenLlal
ll 93 SLaLor LarLh laulL
lll under lrequencv
lv Cver lrequencv
v under volLaae
vl Cver llux
vll uA1 8esLrlcLed LarLh laulL
vlll uA1 Cver CurrenL
lx uA1 LarLh faulL
0

1
Single Line Di.gr.m of Protection sceme of
Cener.tor Unit

2
Single Line Di.gr.m of Protection sceme of
Cener.tor Unit
Trip Logic of Protection sceme of C%P1 (N.in!)

LED !ndic.tions provided on C%P1 (N.in!)

4
Det.ils of LED !ndic.tions provided on C%P1 (N.in!)
S
Trip Logic of Protection sceme of C%P2 (N.in!!)
6
LED !ndic.tions provided on C%P2 (N.in!!)

Det.ils of LED !ndic.tions provided on C%P2 (N.in!!)

8
&nit Protection Settings
Main-1 Settings ( GRP-1 PaneI )
SI.No. Protection
LED
No.
Function Curve/Setting Time DeIay

;er Voltage Stage- (59)

06
Alarm .5 Un 2.00 sec
2
;er Voltage Stage-2 (59)
23
ESD .25 Un nst.
3 Under Voltage (27) 07 Alarm 0.70 Un 2.00 sec
4
Balance Voltage- (60)
05
Alarm 0.20 Un 0.04 sec
5
Balance Voltage-2 (60)
28
PSD 0.20 Un .00 sec
6
nst. ;er current (50)
2
ESD .60 Un 0.50 sec
7
%ime Delayed ;er Current (5)
22
ESD .30 n 2.00 sec
8 UA% E/f Protn. (5) 3 PSD 5.00 n 0.02 sec
9
UA% /C Protn (n;erse time) (5)
30
PSD
B
=0.50 n, k=0.05 DM%
0
Definite %ime NPS- (46)
04
PSD
2
=0.05 n 5.00 sec

n;erse %ime NPS-2 (46)

26
PSD
B
=0.78 n DM%
2 Re;erse Power (32) 25 PSD -0.05 PN 3 sec
3 Loss of Excitation (40) 32 ESD
X
A
= -. Un/n
X
B
= -0.8 Un/n
0.2 sec
4
G% Restricted E/F Protn. (5 N)
29
ESD
B
=0.0 n As per cur;e
5 00% Stator E/F(64 S) 24 ESD
1/f raLlo30
8Ls091k
sec
6
Under mpedance (2)
8
ESD 0.76 Un/ n 3 sec
7 Gen Differential (87 G) 7 ESD
g setting = 0.0 n
; setting = 0.25
nst.
3
&nit Protection Settings
Main-2 Settings : ( GRP-2 PaneI )
SI.No
.
Protection
LED
No.
Function Curve/Setting Time DeIay

;er Voltage Stage- (59)

03
Alarm .5 Un 2.00 sec
2
;er Voltage Stage-2 (59)
7
ESD .25 Un 0.00 sec
3
Under Voltage Stage- (27)
04
Alarm 0.85 Un 0.0 sec
4
Under Voltage Stage-2 (27)
20
ESD 0.80 Un 3.20 sec
5
;er Frequency Stage- (8)
07
Alarm 52.0 Hz .00 sec
6
;er Frequency Stage-2 (8)
23
PSD 52.5 Hz .00 sec
7
Under Frequency Stage- (8)
06
Alarm 48.5 Hz .00 sec
8
Under Frequency Stage-2 (8)
22
PSD 47.0 Hz 2.00 sec
9
;er Fluxing Stage- (24)
05
Alarm .5 Un/fn 2.00 sec
0 ;er Fluxing Stage-2 (24) 2 PSD
. U
B
/f
n
0.05 min

UA% Restricted E/F Protn. (5 N)

26
PSD
B
=0.4 n, k=0.0
As per cur;e
2
G%/F %ime Delayed /C (5)
27
ESD .3 n 3.00 sec
3
Gen. %rans. Neu. /C (5 N)
8
PSD
B
=0.30 n
As per cur;e
4
95% Stator E/F(59/27)
24
ESD 0.05 Un 0.05 sec
5 ;erall Differential (87 %) 25 ESD
g setting = 0.20 n
; setting = 0.5
nst.
40
Cener.tor Tr.nsformer
Protection :
l ulfferenLlal roLecLlon
ll 8ackup Cver CurrenL
lll neuLral Cver CurrenL
lv 8esLrlcLed LarLh laulL
v Wlndlna 1emperaLure Plah
vl Cll 1emperaLure Plah
vll 8uchholz Cas 8elav
vlll ressure 8ellef valve
41
BusB.r Protection S Bre.2er
f.ilure Protection :
8elav Model8L8300 MakeA88
8us bar proLecLlon ls provlded so LhaL ln case
of faulL on anv of Lhe busbar Lhe faulLv
bus wlll be lsolaLed and oLher bus wlll
conLlnue Lo funcLlon wlLhouL anv
lnLerrupLlon
8reaker fallure proLecLlon ls provlded Lo
lsolaLe Lhe faulLv breaker from Lhe svsLem
ln case C8 fall Lo lsolaLe Lhe faulL
42
1he CenLral unlL 8av relav comprlslna of
l 8us bar ulfferenLlal proLecLlon
ll 8reaker lallure roLecLlon (L88)
4
Single Line Di.gr.m of Protection sceme of Bus B.r
44
4S
BusCoupler Protection
8elav ModelSA!140C MakeA88
rovlded Lo Lrlp Lhe buscoupler C8 ln case
of overloadlna of buscoupler or faulL
on anv of Lhe busbar
l Cver CurrenL roLecLlon
ll LarLh laulL roLecLlon
46
Single Line Di.gr.m of Protection sceme of Bus Coupler
4
Trip Logic of Protection sceme of Bus Coupler
48
Tr.nsmission Line Protections
Malnl (8elavREL521) Malnll (8elavREL316)
8ackup (8elavREX521) proLecLlon comprlses of
followlna funcLlons
l under lmpedance
ll Cver volLaae
lll 8ackup Cver CurrenL
lv 8ackup LarLh faulL
v 8reaker lallure proLecLlon
vl AuLo8eclosure Scheme
43
Single Line Di.gr.m of Protection sceme of Tr.nsmission Lines
S0
Trip Logic of Protection sceme of Tr.nsmission Lines
S1
Setting Criterion of Line Protection:
1. Zone1: 80% of Princip.l Line Section,
2. Zone2: 100% of Princip.l Line Section
+ S0% of te Adjoining Sortest Line
(cec2 t.t Zone2 > 120% of Princip.l
Line Section
S2
. Zone: 1.2 x (100% of Princip.l Line
Section + 100% of te Adjoining
longest Line )
4. Zone4 : 1.2 x (100% of Princip.l Line
Section + Single T/F of remote end )
S. %everse Zone: 2S% of Zone1
S
Sunt %e.ctor Protection
8elav Model8LC316 MakeA88
l ulfferenLlal roLecLlon
ll 8esLrlcLed LarLh laulL
lll 8ackup lmpedance roLecLlon
lv Wlndlna 1emperaLure Plah
v Cll 1emperaLure Plah
vl 8uchholz Cas 8elav proLecLlon
vll ressure 8ellef valve
S4
Some Addition.l Fe.tures/ Scemes
Used in Protective Circuits:
1.Trip Circuit Supervision Sceme: !t is
used to continuously monitor te
tripping circuit S trip coil of circuit
/re.2ers,
2.Trip Coil supervision Sceme: !t is used
to continuously monitor te trip coil of
te tripping rel.ys,
SS
.Pole discrep.ncy sceme : !n single
pole circuit /re.2ers, !f due to .ny
re.son, one or two poles of te CB
trips, te rem.ining pole trips .fter .
sort time del.y. Norm.lly it is of te
order of 0.8 to 1.0 sec. !t m.y /e wit
CB scem.tic or outside.
4. Autoreclosing Sceme: On tripping of
Line CB on Tempor.ry line f.ult, te
sceme provides .uto %eclosure of Line
CB .fter . preset sort time del.y.
S6
Te sceme m.y /e single p.se .uto
reclosing or tree p.se .utoreclosing
or /ot.
Norm.lly single p.se .utoreclosing
sceme .re employed. Tree p.se
.utoreclosing sceme .re /est suited
for r.di.l lines.
S
S. C.rrier !ntertripping Scemes :
Norm.lly 80% of Princip.l Line Section is
covered /y Zone1 of te Line
protection, te rest of te 20% is
covered /y Zone2 protection wit .
minimum del.y of 0.4 sec.
To cover end 20% line f.ult in Zone1
time .lso, v.rious c.rrier /.sed c.rrier
intertripping scemes .re used:
S8
A. Permissive Underre.c c.rrier inter
tripping Sceme,
B. Permissive Overre.c c.rrier inter
tripping Sceme,
C. C.rrier Bloc2ing Sceme,
D. C.rrier Acceler.tion Sceme
S3
Testing of Protective
%el.ys scemes
S
Associ.ted Equipments.
60
Testing of Current Tr.nsformers :
!nsul.tion Test
1. Prim.ry winding to E.rt /y S2v
megger
2. Second.ry winding to E.rt (For
e.c core) /y 2S0v or S00 v megger,
. Prim.ry winding to .ll te second.ry
winding /y S2v megger,
4. Core to core of second.ry windings
/y 2S0v or S00 v megger,
61
%.tio Test of e.c core /y Prim.ry
injection,
Pol.rity Test of cores,
N.gnetizing C.r.cteristics or 2nee
point volt.ge test for identifying
metering/ Protection cores
62
Testing of Potenti.l Tr.nsformers:
!nsul.tion Test
1. Prim.ry winding to E.rt /y S2v
megger .fter isol.ting from e.rt
2. Second.ry winding to E.rt (For
e.c core) /y 2S0v or S00 v megger,
. Prim.ry winding to .ll te second.ry
winding /y S2v megger,
4. Core to core of second.ry windings
/y 2S0v or S00 v megger,
6
%.tio Test of e.c core /y injecting
volt.ge on Prim.ry termin.l .nd
me.suring volt.ges on second.ry cores,
Pol.rity Test of cores wit reference to
Prim.ry Termin.l,
64
Prim.ry !njection of CT,s:
Prim.ry injection of current
tr.nsformers is c.rried out wit te
elp of Prim.ry !njection Test Kits. Te
current is me.sured in .ll te current
circuits of .ll te p.ses one /y one to
ensure t.t during .ctu.l oper.tion
current will flow only in te correct
p.se .nd not oterwise,
6S
During Prim.ry injection we .ve to
ensure t.t te current in metering circuit
is flowing from te metering core only .nd
current in protection circuit is flowing from
te protection core only oterwise te
protection is li2ely f.il during f.ult
conditions.
66
Second.ry !njection Of PT,s:
!njection of Potenti.l circuit is c.rried
out wit te elp of Second.ry !njection
Test Kits or wit te elp of Single
p.se v.ri.c, %eost.t etc. Te volt.ge
is me.sured in .ll volt.ge circuits of .ll
te p.ses one /y one to ensure t.t
during .ctu.l oper.tion volt.ge will flow
in te correct p.se only .nd not
oterwise,
6
Cec2ing of DC Scemes:
Te wiring of complete sceme is
cec2ed .nd corrected .ccording to
sceme.
Auxili.ry DC supply is given to te p.nel
.nd DC supply is cec2ed .t v.rious
points in te sceme/ %el.ys
Te oper.tion of DC rel.ys cec2ed .s
per scem.tics.
68
Testing Of %el.ys:
All te rel.ys .re tested for oper.tion on
v.rious settings wit te elp of
Second.ry %el.y Testing Kit Li2e .s
Do/le, Omricon, TU%, ZFB etc.
Te oper.ting time of te rel.ys is .lso
me.sured to ensure te oper.tion of
rel.ys witin permissi/le limits.
63
Power System Simul.tor (DOBLE Test Kit)
0
Power System Simul.tor (DOBLE Test Kit)
1
2
Closing/ Opening oper.tion of Circuit
Bre.2ers:
Closing/ Opening oper.tion of Circuit
Bre.2er is cec2ed from Control/%el.y
P.nels
Tripping of Circuit Bre.2er is cec2ed /y
oper.tion of Protective Sceme wit te
.id of second.ry injection test Kit.

Cec2ing of Al.rm S !ndic.tions:

All te .l.rms S !ndic.tions .re
.ctu.ted one /y one .nd teir
oper.tion is cec2ed/ ensured on te
p.nels.
Cec2ing of St./ility of %el.ys :
Cec2 for te st./ility of Differenti.l
%el.ys, %estricted E.rt F.ult %el.ys,
Bus/.r protection %el.ys etc.
4
On lo.d cec2ing te system:
After te system is energized, te
following cec2s .re required to /e
c.rried out :
Cec2ing of DC .uxili.ry supply .t
v.rious points in te p.nels,
Cec2ing of CT/ PT supplies to rel.ys,
meters etc.,
Cec2ing of e.ltiness of rel.ys
Cec2ing of proper oper.tion of
voltmeter/ Ampere meter in .ll te
p.ses
S
Oper.tion of N meter, PF meter,
Energy meter etc .nd teir running in
proper direction,
Trip circuit supervision in e.lty st.te,
%el.ys .re me.suring correct volt.ge S
currents .s per lo.d condition.
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Testing Of Tr.nsformers
Following Tests .re performed to Cec2
te e.ltiness of Tr.nsformers:
1.!nsul.tion %esist.nce vE, LvE, v
Lv /y SKv/ 10Kv Negger.
2. Turn r.tio Test
. Open circuit Test from v S Lv side,
4. Sort Circuit Test from v to Lv,
S. N.gnetic B.l.nce Test from St.r side
6. Cec2ing proper oper.tion of OLTC.

Testing Of %e.ctors:
Following Tests .re performed to Cec2
te e.ltiness of %e.ctors:
1. !nsul.tion %esist.nce vE /y SKv/
10Kv Negger.
2. Open circuit Test from v,
. N.gnetic B.l.nce Test from v
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THANK YOU
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