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The course will cover: ( Mobile Networks, Network Planning, Capacity enhancement, Quality improvements, Applications and new trends) Evolution of Mobile cellular systems
Related Standards
Lect. No
Topics to be covered
Learning Objective
1,2
General Introduction
3,4 5,6
Second Gen. Wireless Systems Frequency Reuse, Radio Coverage range and related concepts Different propagation models and limitations
7-9
10-12
Multipath fading
R5 (T), R1 Ch.6.4
13-14
Class notes
15-18 19-21
22-24
Multiple access
FDMA,TDMA,CDMA
Ch.9(T),Ch.9(R1)
25-27
GSM Networks
28-30
IS-95
31-34
35-38
Wireless LANs
Class Notes
39-40
Current Trends
3G Cellular System
Class Notes
Evaluation Component
EC No 1. 2. 3. Component & Nature Duratio n 50 mints 50 mints Weightage Date, Time Nature
Test 1 Test 2 Assignments/ Lab experiment & assignments ( GSM,Bluetooth,RFID,WLAN) Compre. Exam
<TEST_1> <TEST_2>
OB CB
4.
3 Hrs
40%
<TEST_C>
CB/OB
Instruction Material
Text book Wireless Communication Principles and Practice by Theodore S. Rappaport Second Ed., Pearson Ed. Asia 2002. Reference Material Mobile Communication by Jochen H. Schiller, Addison Wesley, Pearson Education Ltd., 2000 Wireless and Mobile Network Architcetures By YiBing Lin and Imrich Chaltmac, John Wiley and Sons, 2001 Wireless Communications and Networks By William Stallings, Prentice Hall, 2002
Wireless Communication Lab GSM kit for control switching operation RFID experiments Bluetooth experiments WLAN setting and measurement experiments Wireless sensor networking
APPLIANCE
BITS Pilani 6
8051
Tx PORT 2 Rx
DATA PIN
RFID TAG
BITS Pilani
BITS Pilani
BITS Pilani
BITS Pilani
10
INTERNATIONAL TREND
INTERNATIONAL TREND 140% (MOBILE PENETRATION ) 131% 120% 101%
MOBILE PENETRATION
100%
94%
97%
80%
60%
40%
30%
20%
0%
SI A
AL IA
O RE
IN E
ND
IL A
NE
PH IL IP
CH
AL A
G AP
IN DO
TH A
COUNTRY
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AU
ST R
IN DI A
YS I
IN
11
Basics: Structure
Cells
Different Frequencies or Codes
PSTN/ISDN
Switch
BITS Pilani
13
Mobile phone features Basic Features of Mobile phones Voice Communications Short messaging system (SMS) text messages Advanced features Internet browsing, music (MP3) playback, personal organizers/ e-mail, built-in cameras and camcorders, ringtones, games, radio Push-to-Talk (PTT), infrared and Bluetooth connectivity, call registers ability to watch streaming video or download video for later viewing, and serving as a wireless modem for a PC. 14
Some statistics for India Broadband users including DSL users in India= 1.5 million* in June 2006 There are some 15 million PC users in India in June 2006 compared with more than 100 million mobile phone users. in June 2006 (in 2000 the number of users was roughly only 1.88 million ) The goal 500 million mobile phone subscribers by 2010 Most common standards used are GSM, CDMA Mobile phone networks have spread rapidly throughout the world, outstripping the growth of fixed telephony due to Most common standard used is GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) about 2 billion subscribers world wide The mobile phone has become ubiquitous because of the interoperability of mobile phones across different 15 networks and countries.
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Wireless Mobile Communication Link improvement techniques Multiple Access Techniques Wireless Networking Wireless System and Standards
Physical layer-Trans-medium-receiver Data link layer- reliability-error correction-multiple access Network layer-routing-QoS-flow/congestion control
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Antenna
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Transmitter
A transmitter is a part of communication system, which transmits the information such as voice call over the air.
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Receiver
A receiver is a part of a communication system that receives the transmitted voice call from air.
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Medium
An intervening substance through which signals can travel as a means for communication is known as medium.
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Frequency Spectrum
F ow 4e igh F F S F F Freq r 3 req 3 ium Freque 3 req 3 3 3 3 3 nge 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 nt Khz Khz Khz Mhz Mhz Mhz Ghz Ghz 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 elenghth r nge 1 1 .1 1 1 1 1 1 nt Kilo meter Kilo meter Km meter meter meter centi meter milli meter
Mobile communication is in UHF range Most frequently : 900 MHz ,central frequency 1.8 GHz
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Radio-AM-520 Hz-1605KHz ( MW) 5.9 MHz-26.1MHz ( SW) FM-88MHz108 MHz Analog TV- 174 -230 MHz,470-790MHz and 1452-1472 MHz Digital TV -470-862 MHz
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Short-range communication protocol (ISO/IEC standard) Near Field Communication (NFC) Forum: driven by Nokia, Philips and Sony
NFC-enabled phones available
26
RFID
Presently four main frequency bands used in RFID systems Low Frequency band: 125/134 KHz High Frequecy band: 13.56 MHz Ultra High Frequency band: 800-900 MHz Microwave band: 2.4-5.8 GHz
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Cellular
The world first cellular system was implemented by the Nippon Telephone and Telegraph company (NTT) in Japan. The cellular standards for each of the countries when they initially implemented the mobile communications are as follows: U.S: Follows USDC (U.S Digital Cellular) 1991 TDMA 824-894 Mhz , Channel bandwidth= 30 Khz Pi/4 Quadrature phase shift keying Europe: Almost All of the European countries use GSM, 1990 TDMA 890 to 960 Mhz, 200 Khz GMSK modulation Japan: uses Pacific Digital Cellular (PDC) standards. 1993 TDMA 810 to 1501 Mhz, 25 Khz Pi/4 Quadrature phase shift keying Germany: uses C-450 cellular standards (1984) FDMA 450-465 Mhz, 20/10 FM
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Fc
Full-Duplex Division Time division duplex Provides simultaneous radio transmission channels for the subscriber and the base station, so that they both may transmit while simultaneously receiving signals from one another. However a single radio channel is shared in time , so that a portion of the time is used from the base station to mobile, and the remaining time is used to transmit from the mobile to the base station. TDD is possible only if digital transmission and digital modulation is used Sensitive to timing
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Cordless handsets
44
Now
Radio Terminal that is attached to a high speed mobile platform.
Portable
as a Radio Terminal that can be hand-held and used by someone at walking speed: Cordless Telephone at home, or walkie talkie
Subscriber Mobile or portable user.Each users communication device is called Subscriber unit. Base stations Links mobiles to a backbone network.
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1) Mobile Identification Number (MIN): Subscribers Telephone No. 2) Electronic Serial Number (ESN): Serial No. of the Mobile 3) Station Class Mark(SCM): It indicates the maximum Transmitter power level for a particular user.
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Base Stations
2, 6 5 4 3, 7 Mobile X
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Brief Outline of Cellular Process: Telephone Call Placed to a Mobile User (Contd)
Step 5 The base station relays the acknowledgement sent by the mobile and informs the MSC of the handshake. Step 6 The MSC instructs the base station to move the call to an available voice channel within the cell. Step 7 The base station signals the mobile to change frequencies to an unused forward and reverse voice channel pair. At the point another data message (alert) is transmitted over the forward voice channel (FVC) to instruct the mobile to ring. Now the call is in progress. The MSC adjusts the transmitted power of the mobile and changes the channel of the mobile end and base stations in order to maintain call quality. This is called handoff.
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Telephone call initiated by the mobile (Contd) Step 1 When a mobile originates a call, it sends the base station its telephone number (MIN), electronic serial number (ESN), and telephone number of called party. It also transmits a station class mark (SCM) which indicates what the maximum power level is for the particular user. Step 2 The cell base station receives the data and sends it to the MSC. Step 3 The MSC validates the request, makes connection to the called party through the PSTN and validates the base station and mobile user to move to an unused forward and reverse channel pair to allow the conversation to begin.
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Roaming
All cellular systems provide a service called roaming.
This allows subscribers to operate in service areas other than the one from which service is subscribed. When a mobile enters a city or geographic area that is different from its home service area, it is registered as a roamer in the new service area. Periodically, the MSC issues a global command over each FCC in the system, asking for all mobiles which are previously unregistered to report their MIN and ESN over the RCC for billing purposes. If a particular mobile user has roaming authorization for billing purposes, MSC registers the subscriber as a valid roamer.
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