A SEMINAR ON

DNA COMPUTERS
PRESENTED BY :-

KIRTI.M.PATEL RAKESH.D.MISTRY
(6TH I.T). ROLL NO :: 33 , 21 . GUIDED BY: THANKS TO: MS.JAGRUTI GOSWAMI MS.SAROJ G. BODAR (HOD OF I.T)

INTRODUCTION TO DNA COMPUTERS:

Basically,DNA is nothing but A large pot of soup that can store billions of times more Information than your PC hard drives and solve complex Problems in fraction of times than most powerful super Computer. Computer chip manufacturers are racing to make highest Speed processors because silicon processors has some Limitation of speed & minituarization. NEXT

INTRODUCTION TO DNA COMPUTERS:

The possibility of using DNA for computation was first demostrated by Leonard Adleman in 1994 of South California. DNA might one day be integrated into a computer chip to create a so called BIOCHIP that will push the silicon computer. DNA based computetr has an ability to solve hard and complex problem.

INTRODUCTION TO DNA :
WHAT IS DNA ??? DNA is a nitrogeneous base material which is responsible for the transmission of different characteristics from one generation to another thats what we call the inheritance. DNA is the molecule inside cells that carry genetic information. Have you some time think that how the function of cells in our body does not get overlap?? Why the kidney cell does not function for eye cell?

Why brain cell does not oppse the funtioning of skin cell or eye cell?? The answers to the above question is that such thinks Not happen due to presence of different nucleic acids. An organisms has some form of nucleic acids which is the chemical carrier of genetic informations. There are TWO types of nucleic acids: 1)DNA (Deoxyribonuceic acids) 2)RNA (Ribonucleic acids) DNA codes for all the information reqired by the cell.

 DNA

STRUCTURE :

DNA was first discovered by Watson & Crick in 1953. There are two polynucleotide chains run parallel to each other and running in opposite directions. The two chain twisted with each others.sospiral ladder like structure arise.so, it is also called spiral model of DNA.

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 DNA

STRUCTURE :(CONTD)

The linkage between two polynucleotides are such that purine base of one chain is linked with a pyrimidine base of the opposite chain.
Adenine-A of a chain is

Linked with thymine by two Weak hydrogen bonds(-bonds)

Cytosine linked with Guanine

by three weak hydrogen(-bonds) NEXT

 DNA

STRUCTURE :(CONTD)

1)BASIC CHEMICAL UNITS: 2)One Strand: 3) Double Helix: 4) Directionality:

GENES & CHROMOSOMES :

GENES:
Each DNA molecules contains many genes, the basic and physical and functional units of hereditry. A gene is a specific sequence of nucleotides bases,whose NEXT

GENES & CHROMOSOMES(contd) : Sequence carry the information requires for construction of proteins.the human genome contains atleast 1,00,000 genes. CHROMOSOMES : The nucleus of human cells contain two sets of chromosomes, one set given by each parent. Chromosomes contain roughly equal parts of proteins and DNA . DNA molecules are along the largest molecule now known .

OPERATIONS ON DNA :
There are eight types of operations carreid out on samples of of DNA in test tube:

MERGE ANNEAL MELT SEPERATION BY LENGTH SEPERATION BY SEQUENCE COPYING / AMPLICATION APPEND DETECT

ADLEMANS HAMILTON PATH PROBLEM : In 1994, Leonard Adleman solved unremarkable problems with remarkable technique. Adleman took seven days lab work to solve this problem. This problem is also called Travelling Salesman Problems(TSP) It is an hypothetical problem to find the route through a set of cities so that visit each city only once.As,the numbers of cities increases problem become more difficult for which some special solution is required. Which is founded by Adlemans experiment

ADLEMANS EXPERIMENT:

This experiment is based on mostly 4 steps by carrying out which we can conclude that DNA is capable of performing the arithmetic operation just as silicon: NEXT

ADLEMANS EXPERIMENT (contd..):

1) Generate all possible routes : Los Angeles GCTACG Chicago CTAGTA Dallas TCGTAC Miami CTACGG New York ATGCCG 2) Select itenaries that start and end with the correct cities: 3) Select itenaries that contain the correct number of cities: NEXT

ADLEMANS EXPERIMENT (contd..):

4) Select itenaries that have a complex set of cities:

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Conclusions of adlemans experiment: will used to solve TPS . On the side of 1) So DNA
hardware improvements takes place in biotechnology at the rate similar to the advances in semiconductor industry. 2) The future of DNA is speedy,automation & minituarization. 3)One day we might able to use DANA machine in encryption,genetic programs,etc. NEXT

HOW DNA COMPUTERS WILL WORKS:

A Fledgling technology: Three years later after Adlemans experiment,researcher At the ROChester develop LOGIC GATES made of DNA . Gates convert binary code through computer series of signals that the computer uses to perform operations. Rochester teams DNA Gates are the first steps towards Creating the computer. The reseracher believe that this gates might be combined with DNA micrchips to create a breakthrough in DNA computing. NEXT

DNA computer componentslogic gates and biochips --will take years to develop practical,workable DNA Computer. If such computer is ever built scientist says, that it will more compact,accurate and efficient than conventional computer. DNA computer can supress the silicon based processors,and what tasks these computers would performs? END

A Successor to Silicon
There are several advantages to using DNA instead of silicon:
(1) The large supply of DNA makes it a cheap resources. (2) Unlike the toxic materials used in traditional microprocessors, DNA biochips can be made cleanly. (3) DNA Computers are many times faster than the todays computers.

Advantages of using a DNA to Computer:

(1) Memory compaction. (2) Information capacity. (3) Speed. (4) Energy efficiency. (5) Storage efficiency. (6) Parallel execution. (7) Parallel processing.

Key Benefits.
Adlemans experiment is carried out at 1.2x 10E18 operations per second.This is approximately 1,200,000 times faster than any super computing devices.

Benefits of DNA Computers:

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Predictability. DNA Direction. Incredibly Cheap. Half-Hour Test. Amazing Tool Test.

Drawbacks:
(1) The clock rate of the DNA Computers may be 10 or 11 times slower than the your 100 MHz Pentium. (2) This processor takes hour when you run them with small test tube of DNA. (3) DNA molecules are fractured.

Applications of DNA Computers:

(1) Massively Parallel Processing. (2) Storage and Associative Memory. (3) DNA2DNA Applications.

Conclusions:
We conclude that DNA Computer is one of the good & very important option to replace the silicon machines. In order to achieve the highest and maximum advantages, processing speed through DNA Computer than that of silicon machine.