CHEMICAL REACTIONS

EDSC 207

Rachel Patricia B. Ramirez

Major Classes of Chemical Reactions

Precipitation Reactions Acid-Base Reactions Redox Reactions

Combination Decomposition Displacement

What drives an aqueous ionic reaction to occur?

For precipitation and acid-base process A reaction occurs because certain ions attract each other so strongly that they are removed from solution in formation of the product.

Precipitation Reactions
Two soluble ionic compounds react to form an insoluble product - PRECIPITATE When aqueous solutions of Pb(NO3)2 and NaI are mixed, the yellow solid PbI2 forms.

Precipitation Reactions
Precipitates form for the same reason that some ionic compounds do not dissolve. The electrostatic attraction between the ions of the precipitate outweighs the tendency of the ions to become solvated and move randomly throughout the solution.

Precipitation Reactions
When solutions of such ions are mixed, the ions collide and stay together. The resulting substance comes out of solution as a solid.

Precipitation Reactions
What drives a precipitation reaction to occur? The mutual attraction between ions and their removal from solution in the form of an insoluble ionic compound.

Precipitate?
How can we predict whether a precipitate will form when we mix aqueous solutions of two ionic compounds?
1. 2.

3.

Note the ions present in the reactants. Consider the possible cation-anion combinations. Predict whether any of the combinations is insoluble. (Solubility Rules)

Precipitation Reaction

Acid-Base Reactions
Aqueous acid-base reactions involve water not only as a solvent but also in the more active roles of reactant and product. Also called a neutralization reaction Occurs when an acid reacts with a base

Acid-Base Reactions
Svante Arrhenius

An ACID is a substance that produces H+ ions when dissolved in water. A BASE is a substance that produces OH ions when dissolved in water.

Acid-Base Reactions
Strong electrolytes include soluble ionic compounds, strong acids, and strong bases.

They dissociate completely into ions, so they conduct a large current. Strong acids hydrochloric acid, nitric acid Strong bases sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide

Acid-Base Reactions
Weak electrolytes include weak acids and weak bases.

They dissociate only partially into ions, so they conduct a small current. Weak acids acetic acid, phosphoric acid Weak base - ammonia

Acid-Base Reactions
The essential chemical change in all aqueous reactions between strong acids and string bases is that an H+ ion from the acid and an OH ion from the base form a water molecule. Only the spectator ions differ from one reaction to another.

Acid-Base Reactions
Like precipitation reactions, acid-base reactions are driven by the electrostatic attraction of ions and their removal from solution in the formation of the product. The ions are H+ and OH and the product is H2O.

Acid-Base Reactions
If we evaporate the water from the mixture, an ionic solid remains SALT Typical aqueous neutralization reaction: the reactants are an acid and a base, and the products are a salt and water.

Acid-Base Reaction

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Electrons are transferred between species Atoms change oxidation number Oxidation and reduction ALWAYS occur simultaneously The substance losing electrons is oxidized. The substance gaining electrons is reduced.

GER!

LEO
Lose Electrons = Oxidation Gain Electrons = Reduction

Remember OIL RIG

Oxidation Is Loss Reduction Is Gain

What happens when you dip an iron nail into a blue solution of copper(II) sulfate?
Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s)

Iron nail and CuSO4 (aq)

Fe reacts with Cu2+ (aq) to yield Fe2+ (aq) and Cu(s)

The copper metal plates out on the nail

Reaction of iron with Cu

2 + (aq)

(aq)

Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s) Net Ionic Equation Fe(s) + Cu2+(aq) Fe2+(aq) + Cu(s)
What happened to the iron atom? Lost 2 electrons

Iron is oxidized

Reaction of iron with Cu

2 + (aq)

(aq)

Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s) Net Ionic Equation Fe(s) + Cu2+(aq) Fe2+(aq) + Cu(s)
What happened to the copper(II) ion? Gained 2 electrons

Copper(II) ion is reduced

Oxidation Numbers
An OXIDATION NUMBER is a positive or negative number assigned to an atom to indicate its degree of oxidation or reduction Generally, a bonded atoms oxidation number is the charge it would have if the electrons in the bond were assigned to the atom of the more electronegative element

Rules for Assigning Oxidation Numbers

1. The oxidation number of any uncombined element is zero. 2. The oxidation number of a monatomic ion equals its charge.
0 0 +1 -1

2 Na + Cl2 2 NaCl

Rules for Assigning Oxidation Numbers

3. The oxidation number of oxygen in compounds is -2, except in peroxides, such as H2O2, where it is -1. 4. The oxidation number of hydrogen in compounds is +1, except in metal hydrides, like LiH, NaH, where it is -1.
+1 -2

H2O

Rules for Assigning Oxidation Numbers

5. The sum of the oxidation numbers of the atoms in the compound must equal zero.
+1 -2 +2 -2 +1

H2 O
H O 2(+1) + (-2) = 0

Ca(OH)2
Ca O H (+2) + 2(-2) + 2(+1) = 0

Rules for Assigning Oxidation Numbers

6. The sum of the oxidation numbers in the formula of a polyatomic ion is equal to its ionic charge.
? -2 ? -2

NO3
N O X + 3(-2) = -1 X + (-6) = -1 X = +5

SO4 2
S O X + 4(-2) = -2 X + (-8) = -2 X = +6

Writing Oxidation Numbers

In writing oxidation numbers, we will write the sign BEFORE the number to distinguish them from the actual electronic charges, which we write with the number first
(Brown, LeMay & Bursten 2000)

Al3+ charge = 3+ oxidation number = +3

Check-Up
Determine the oxidation number for each atom in each of the following: 1. NH4+ 2. 3. 4. Al Pb2+ H2

5. PbSO4

Check-Up
Determine the oxidation number for each atom in each of the following: 1. NH4+ N = -3; H = +1 2. 3. 4. Al Pb2+ H2 Al = 0 Pb = +2 H=0 Pb = +2; S = +6; O = -2

5. PbSO4

Check-Up
Determine the oxidation number of sulfur in each of the following: 1. H2S 2. S8 3. SCl2 4. Na2SO3 5. SO42-

Check-Up
Determine the oxidation number of sulfur in each of the following: 1. H2S S = -2 (H = +1) 2. S8 3. SCl2 4. Na2SO3 5. SO42S=0 S = +2 (Cl = -1) S = +4 (Na = +1; O = -2) S = +6 (O = -2)

Reaction of iron with Cu

2 + (aq)

(aq)

Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s) Net Ionic Equation

0 +2

Fe(s) + Cu2+ (aq) Fe2+ (aq) + Cu(s)

What happened to the iron atom? Lost 2 electrons Iron is oxidized

Oxidation number increased

Reaction of iron with Cu

2 + (aq)

(aq)

Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s) Net Ionic Equation

+2 0

Fe(s) + Cu2+ (aq) Fe2+ (aq) + Cu(s)

What happened to the copper(II) ion? Gained 2 electrons Copper(II) ion is reduced

Oxidation number decreased

Redox Reactions
Basis Oxygen Electrons Oxidation number Oxidation Gain Loss Increase Reduction Loss Gain Decrease

OIL RIG: Oxidation Is Loss of electrons Reduction Is Gain of electrons

Identifying Agents in Redox Reactions

Substances that cause the oxidation of other substances are called OXIDIZING AGENTS.

They accept electrons easily and so are reduced. Common OA are oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, and halogens.

Substances that cause the reduction of other substances are called REDUCING AGENTS.

They lose electrons easily and so are oxidized. Common RA are metals, hydrogen, and carbon.

Redox Reactions
Basis Oxygen Electrons Oxidation number Oxidation Gain Loss Increase Reduction Loss Gain Decrease

Reducing agent substance oxidized Oxidizing agent substance reduced OIL RIG: Oxidation Is Loss of electrons Reduction Is Gain of electrons

Strength as Reducing Agent K lose eeasily Na ------------ Powerful Ca to cations Mg ------------ Strong Al Cr Zn ------------ Good Fe Cd Ni -----------Fair Pb H2 Cu ------------ Poor Ag Hg Au ------------ Very poor

readily oxidized

Activity Series

Remember: A metal will displace from solution the ions of any metal that lies below it in the activity series.

2Al(s) + Fe2O3(aq) 2Fe(s) + Al2O3(aq)

0 +3 -2 0 +3 -2 2Al(s) + Fe2O3(aq) 2Fe(s) + Al2O3(aq)

Al is oxidized to Al2O3 Al atoms gained oxygen atoms Al lost 3 electrons: Al Al3+ + 3 e Oxidation number of Al atom increased (0 to +3) Al is the reducing agent.

2Al(s) + Fe2O3(aq) 2Fe(s) + Al2O3(aq)

0 +3 -2 0 +3 -2 2Al(s) + Fe2O3(aq) 2Fe(s) + Al2O3(aq)
Fe2O3 is reduced to Fe Fe2O3 lost oxygen atoms Fe3+ gained 3 electrons: Fe3+ Fe + 3 e Oxidation number of Fe3+ ion decreased (+3 to 0) Fe3+ is the oxidizing agent.

Mg(s) + Cu2+ (aq) Mg2+ (aq) + Cu (s)

0 +2 +2 0 Mg(s) + Cu2+ (aq) Mg2+ (aq) + Cu(s)

Which was oxidized? Mg Which is the oxidizing agent? Cu2+ Which gained electrons? Cu

Check-Up
Determine whether or not each of the following reactions is a redox reaction: 1. 2Na(s) + Cl2(g) 2NaCl(s) 2. CaO(s) + SO2(g) CaSO3(s) 3. 2KClO3(s) 2KCl(s) + 3O2(g) 4. Zn(s) + HCl(aq) ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g) 5. CaCO3(s) CaO(s) +CO2(g)

Check-Up
Determine whether or not each of the following reactions is a redox reaction: 1. 2Na(s) + Cl2(g) 2NaCl(s) 2. CaO(s) + SO2(g) CaSO3(s) 3. 2KClO3(s) 2KCl(s) + 3O2(g)

redox
Not redox

4. Zn(s) + HCl(aq) ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g) 5. CaCO3(s) CaO(s) +CO2(g) Not redox

redox redox

Redox Reactions
Key chemical event: net movement of electrons One key point: whenever an element is involved as either reactant or product, the change is a redox reaction

Combination
Two or more reactants combine to form one product Combination of two elements

A metal and a nonmetal form an ionic compound Two nonmetals form a covalent compound

Combination of a compound and an element

Combination

Decomposition
One reactant breaks down into two or more products Occur when the reactant absorbs enough energy for one or more of its bonds to break A redox process if an element is involved in the change

Decomposition
Thermal decomposition

Many ionic compounds with oxoanions from a metal oxide and a gaseous nonmetal oxide. Many metal oxides, chlorates, and perchlorates release oxygen.

Electrolytic decomposition

Decomposition of water Decomposition of molten ionic compounds

Decomposition

Displacement
Have the same number of reactants as products Occur when an atom (or ion) in a compound is displaced by a different atom (or ion) Single redox reactions Double (or metathesis) precipitation and acidbase reactions

Single Displacement
A metal displaces H2 from water or acid. A metal displaces another metal ion from solution. A halogen displaces a halide ion from solution.

Strength as Reducing Agent K lose eeasily Na ------------ Powerful Ca to cations Mg ------------ Strong Al Cr Zn ------------ Good Fe Cd Ni -----------Fair Pb H2 Cu ------------ Poor Ag Hg Au ------------ Very poor

readily oxidized

Activity Series

Remember: A metal will displace from solution the ions of any metal that lies below it in the activity series.

Single Displacement

Single Displacement

Double Displacement
In precipitation reactions, an insoluble ionic compound forms. In acid-base reactions, an acid and a base form a salt and water.