16

Chapter
McGraw-Hill/Irwin

Long-Term Debt and Lease Financing

Copyright 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Chapter Outline
Analyzing long-term debt. Bond yield and prices. Refunding the obligation upon decline in interest rates. Innovative bond forms. Long-term lease obligations and its characteristics.

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The Expanding Role of Debt

Growth in corporate debt is attributed to:
Rapid business expansion. Inflationary impact on the economy. Inadequate funds generated from the internal operations of business firms.

Expansion of the U.S. economy has placed pressure on the Government to raise capital.
New set of rules have been developed for evaluating corporate bond issues.
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Times Interest Earned for Standard and Poors Industrials

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The Debt Contract

Contract bond: the basic long-term debt instrument for most large U.S corporations basic items include:
Par value: initial value of the bond.
Principal or face value.

Coupon rate: actual interest rate on the bond. Maturity date: repayment date of the principal.
Bond indenture, a supplement to the bond agreement.
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Security Provisions
Secured debts have specific assets pledged to bondholders in the event of default.
These assets are seldom actually sold and distributed (proceeds). Terms used to denote collateralized or secured debts:
Mortgage agreement: real property is pledged. After-acquired property clause: requires any new property to be placed under the original mortgage.

Greater the protection offered, lower the interest rate on the bond.
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Unsecured Debt
Debt that is not secured by a claim to a specific asset.
Debenture: unsecured long-term corporate bond.
General claim against the corporation, is common for defaults.

Subordinated debenture
Payment to the holder will occur only after the designated senior debenture holders are satisfied.

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Priority of Claims

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Methods of Repayment
Does not always involve a lump-sum disbursement at the maturity date.
Repayment of bonds can be done by:
Simplest method - single-sum payment at maturity. Serial payments: paid off in installments over the life of the issue. Sinking-fund provision: semiannual/ annual contributions made into a fund run by a trustee. Conversion: converting debt to common stock. Call feature: retire or force in debt issue before maturity.
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Bond Prices, Yields, and Ratings

Financial managers must be sensitive to the bond market with regard to:
Interest rate changes. Price movements.

Market conditions will influence:

Timing of new issues. Coupon rate offered. Maturity date.

Bonds do not maintain stable long-term price patterns.

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Bond Price Table

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Bond Yields
Three different ways; computed below:
Example: par value: $1,000; payment: $100/ year; period: 10 years; current price: $900.
Coupon rate (nominal yield): interest rate / par value. $100 = 10% $1,000 Current yield: in terms of the current price. $100 = 11.11% $900 Yield to maturity: for bonds is held until maturity. Interest rate approximate: 11.70% = payment of $100 for 10 years and a final payment of $1,000.
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Bond Ratings
Two major bond rating agencies:
Moodys Investor Service. Standard and Poors.

Ratings are based on a corporations:

Ability to make interest payments. Consistency of performance. Size. Debt-equity ratio. Working capital position etc.
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Examining Actual Bond Ratings

The true return on a bond is measured by yield to maturity. If a bond is relatively low in quality:
A corporation pays a yield to maturity, although they may be secured in nature.

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The Refunding Decision

Example: bonds issued at 11.75% witnesses a drop in interest rates to 9.5%.
Assuming that the interest rates will rise:
The expensive 11.75% bonds may be redeemed. A new debt at the prevailing 9.5% may be issued.

This process labeled as a refunding operation.

It is made possible by the option of call provision.

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A Capital Budgeting Problem

The refunding decision involves:
Outflows in the form of financing costs related to redeeming and reissuing securities. Inflows represented by savings in annual interest costs and tax savings.

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Restatement of Facts

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Steps
A. Outflow consideration:
1. Payment of call premium. 2. Underwriting cost on new issue.

B. Inflow consideration:
3. Cost savings in lower interest rates. 4. Underwriting cost on old issue.

C. Net present value:

Present value of inflow present value of outflow = net present value
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Step C- Net Present Value

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Other Forms of Bond Financing

Two innovative forms of bond financing that are popular include:
Zero-coupon rate bond. Floating rate bond.

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Zero-coupon Rate Bond

A bond that does not pay interest.
Advantages to the Corporation:
Immediate cash inflow, no outflow until maturity. The difference in the value at maturity can be amortized for tax purposes.

Advantage to the investor:

Allows lock in of a multiplier of the initial investment.

Disadvantages:
Annual increase in the value of the bonds is taxable as ordinary income. Prices are volatile in nature.
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Zero-Coupon and Floating Rate Bonds

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Floating Rate Bond

The interest rate paid on the bond changes with market conditions.
Advantage to the investor:
A constant market value for the security, although interest rates vary.

Exception:
These bonds often have broad limits that interest payments cannot exceed.

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Advantages of Debt
Interest payments are tax-deductible. The financial obligation is clearly specified and of a fixed nature.
Exception: floating rate bonds.

In an inflationary economy, debt may be paid with cheaper dollars. The use of debt, up to a prudent point, may lower the cost of capital to the firm.
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Drawbacks of Debt
Interest and principal payment obligations are set by contract and must be met. Indenture agreements may place undue restrictions on the firm.
Bondholders may take virtual control of the firm if important indenture provisions are not met.

Utilized beyond a given point, debt may depress outstanding common stock values.
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Eurobond Market
A bond payable in the borrowers currency but sold outside the borrowers country.
Usually sold by an international syndicate of investment bankers. Disclosure requirements in the Eurobond market are less demanding.

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Examples of Eurobonds

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Leasing as a Form of Debt

Leasing has the characteristics of a debt.
A corporation contracts to lease and signs a non-cancelable, non-term agreement. Companies are expected to fully divulge all information about leasing obligations.

Leasing was made official as a result of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS):
No. 13, issued by the FASB in November 1976.
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Capital Lease (Financing Lease)

Four conditions for identification include:
The arrangement transfers ownership of the property to the lessee by the end of the lease term. The lease contains a bargain purchase price at the end of the lease. The lease term is equal to 75% or more of the estimated life of the leased property. The present value of the minimum lease payments equals 90% or more of the fair value of the leased property at the inception of the lease.
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Operating Lease
Does not meet the conditions of a capital lease. Usually short-term, cancelable at the option of the lessee. The lessor may provide for the maintenance and upkeep of the asset. Does not require a capitalization, or presentation, of a full obligation on the balance sheet.
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Income Statement Effect

Capital lease
Requires treatment similar to a purchaseborrowing arrangement.
Intangible asset is amortized, or written off, over the life of the lease - annual expense deduction. Liability account is written off through regular amortization - implied interest cost on the balance.

Operating lease
Requires annual expense deduction equal to the lease payment, with no specific amortization.
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Advantages of Leasing
Takes care of lack sufficient funds or the credit capability issues to purchase assets. Obligation may be substantially less restrictive. May not require a down payment. Lessors expertise may reduce negative effects of obsolescence. Lease on chattels have no such limitations for bankruptcy and reorganization proceedings.
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Other Advantages of Leasing

Tax advantage factors include:
Depreciation write-off or research related tax credits.

Infusion of capital can occur if a firm chooses to engage in a sale-leaseback arrangement.

Allows the lessee to continue the usage of the asset.

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