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Muhammad Farooq Lecturer Institute of Social & Cultural Studies University of the Punjab Lahore
People who obey the law do so because they are responding to appropriate social controls. They are socialized to obey rather than to disobey the law, and this socialization process requires a lot of work. Those who violate the law do so because the social controls are not working; their bonds to law-abiding persons have been broken or were never developed. Thus, criminals are not different kinds of people; they are not people who learned the wrong kind of behaviors; they are people who live in the wrong neighborhoods; they are people for whom social controls have, for whatever reason, been ineffective. Crime results when social controls are weakened or broken down; when controls are strong, crime does not occur. The problem is
Shortly after Reisss work was published, sociologist F. Ivan Nye analyzed delinquency using three control categories:
1. Direct control, by which punishment is imposed or threatened for misconduct and compliance is rewarded by parents. 2. Indirect control, by which a youth refrains from delinquency because his or her delinquent act might cause pain and disappointment for parents or others with whom the youth has a close relationship. 3. Internal control, by which a youths conscience or sense of guilt prevents him or her from engaging in delinquent acts.50
Attachmentthe emotional and psychological ties to another person Commitmenttime energy and effort expended in conventional action such as a good job. Involvementsignificant time and attention spent in conventional activities Beliefacceptance of moral legitimacy of law and authority.
Used self-report surveys to sample about 4,000 junior and senior high school youths in the San Francisco Bay Area.
He used the results of this study to test his theory as well as challenge theories that argued delinquency is caused by social strain or cultural norms.
Hirschi found no relation between reported delinquency acts and social class. These findings did not agree with strain theory because strain is a class-based theory which explains that crime is a function of a lack of social status. Hirschi also found that the educational and occupational aspirations of delinquents were lower than non-delinquents, as well as their expectations for success. It contradicts strain theory in that youths most prone to strain are those with high aspirations but low expectations.
Regardless of race or class and regardless of delinquency of friends, boys who were more closely attached to their parents, whether they were prone to criminal activity or not, were less likely to report committing delinquent acts. Boys who reported more acts of delinquency were less attached to their peers than boys who reported fewer delinquent acts. These two findings contradict cultural theories, such as learning theory, which states that attachment to deviant friends or deviant parents would theoretical lead to increases in reporting of delinquency.
Containment Theory
PREMISE Society produces pushes and pulls toward crime. In some people, they are counteracted by internal and external containments, containments, such as a good selfself-concept and group cohesiveness.
Containment Theory
Weak Outer Containment
CAN lead to
Subject to the pulls of the environment which include distractions, temptations, advertising, and propaganda. Subject to the internal pushes which include frustration, restlessness, disappointment, rebellion, hostility, and inferiority.
Some organic pushes are Mental retardation Brain damage Epilepsy, Psychoses, neurosis
Inner pressures and pullsdesires, needs, and wants, as well as feelings of restlessness, hostility, and the need for immediate gratification Inner containmentsself-esteem, responsibility, moral codes, tolerance of frustration Outer pressures and pullsinfluences of peers, unemployment, living conditions Outer containmentsparents, police, schools, juvenile justice system
In contrast, labeling theory asks why the person was designated deviant. The critical issue is not the behavior itself but why the behavior is labeled deviant. Not all who engage in certain kinds of behavior are labeled deviant, but some are. What is the reason for this distinction? Sociologist Kai T. Erikson described this approach as follows: Some men who drink heavily are called alcoholics and others are not, some men who behave oddly are committed to hospitals and others are not . . . and the difference between those who earn a deviant title in society and those who go their own way in peace is largely determined by the way in which the community filters out and codes the many details of behavior which come to its attention.
Tannenbaum (1938) was perhaps the first labeling theorist. His main concept was the dramatization of evil. With it, he argued that the process of tagging, defining, identifying, segregating, describing, and emphasizing any individual out for special treatment becomes a way of stimulating, suggesting, and evoking the very traits that are complained of. Lemert (1951) is regarded as the founder of what is called the "societal reaction" approach. Briefly, this approach distinguishes between primary deviance (where individuals do not see themselves a deviant) and secondary deviance (which involves acceptance of a deviant status). Primary deviance arises for a wide variety of reasons, biological, psychological, and/or sociological. Secondary, or intensified deviance becomes a means of defense, attack, or adaptation to the problems caused by societal reaction to primary deviation. According to Becker (1999), being caught and branded as deviant has important consequences for ones further social participation and self-image,
Decision to Label
Acceptance of Labels
Deviance Amplification
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Labeling Theory
Labeling theory argues that the law represents the values and interests of individuals and organizations that are able to organize resources to influence legislation.
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Labeling Theory
Labeling theory is not concerned with what causes the initial delinquent act, but is concerned with what leads to continued delinquency.
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Labeling Theory
Labeling theory has had a significant impact on the juvenile justice system, including programs such as: Diversion Confidentiality standards for records Deinstitutionalization
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Labeling Theory
diversion: The practice of removing juveniles from the juvenile justice process and providing them with treatment services outside of the juvenile justice system.
deinstitutionalization: The removal of juveniles from institutions because of the labeling effects and their placement in community-based corrections.
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Conflict Theory
Conflict theorists state that delinquent behavior is due to conflict in society that arises from an unfair distribution of wealth and power.
QUESTION
According to the previous diagram, is labeling a cause of crime or, the result of crime?