Physics Seminar

420597

Quantum Brownian Motion

By

Samak Boonphan
51641256
26 August 2009 Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University
16/08/54 1,2,3 1

Out line
- Classical Brownian Motion - Quantum Brownian Motion
- Density matrix for a single system - Time evolution of the system

- Caldeira - Leggett Model

- Influence functional - Reduced density matrix

- Master equation - Conclusions

2

Classical Brownian Motion

How the environment affects on the Brownian particle?

System
Environment

Consider a Brownian particle, which is the free particle interacting with the environment.

 m ( t) !  K  t)  f( t) (

How the environment affects on the Brownian particle?

System
Environment

Consider a Brownian particle, which is the free particle, interacting with the environment.

  mx(t)
Friction force

 Kx(t)  f(t)

How the environment affects on the Brownian particle?

System
Environment

Consider a Brownian particle, which is the free particle, interacting with the environment.

  mx(t)
Random force

 Kx(t)  f(t)

Quantum Brownian Motion

Quantum Brownian Motion

Environment System

Interaction

Feynman path Integration

Feynman had showed that the path integral give as
i [ (t)] J

where

[ (t)] !

xa

X
i S[x(t)] J

K(xb , t; xa ,0) | D[x] e

| xb e

xb

( b,

, t) |

e
v r all pat s

t L( , )

i  Ht J

is action

xa
9

Density matrix for a single system

Define

V ! Ck ]k ]k
k

C 11 ] 1 ] 1 | 0 /

0 C 22 ] 2 ] 2 /

. . 1

Expectation Value

! tr( A )
10

Time evolution of the system

i i (t) ! exp(- t) ( ) exp( t) J J
Coordinate representation

(x, xd | x (t) xd! x e , t)

i  Ht J

(0) e

i Ht J

xd

dx i xi xi

d xid idxid x
11

Time evolution of the system

i i (t) ! exp(- t) V ( ) exp( t) J J
Coordinate representation

(x, xd , t)

xe
i

i  Ht J

(0) e
i

i Ht J

xd xi xi (0) xidxid e
i Ht J

x dx dxd e

i  Ht J

xd

K(x, xi )

K  (xd id ,x)
12

Time evolution of the system

i i (t) ! exp(- t) V ( ) exp( t) J J
Coordinate representation

(x, x d ! x e , t)

i  Ht J

(0) e

i Ht J

xd xi xi (0) xidxid e
i Ht J

x ! dxi d xid e !

i  Ht J

xd

dxi d xid xi , t) K(x,

xi , xid K  ( x d id ,0 , x , t)
13

Time evolution of the system

(x, x d ! , t)

dxi d xid xi , t) xi , xid K  (x d id K(x, , , x , t)

t t

K  ( x d id , x , t)

(x, x d , t)

K(x, x i , t)
xd a xd b
xb

x x

xi , xid ,0

xa

14

Caldeira-Leggett Model

15 A.O. Caldeira and A.J. Leggett, Ann. Phys. (N.Y.) 149, 374(1983)

Model of system + environment

m m

Environment

System or

M
m m

Brownian particle

Interaction

16

Lagrangian of system + environment

Lt

! LA  LB  L I
M  ! (x 2  2 x 2 )  2

L tot

n !1

mn 2  (qn  2

2 2 n n

q )

(  C xq
n n !1

17

Action and Propagator of system+environment

K(x b , qb ; x a , qa ) !
t

i D[x]D[q] exp  A [x]  xa qa J

xb qb

B [q] 

[x, q] I

System

Environment+Interaction

X, q

18

 [x, q] ! ds (x  x )  !1

 (q 

q )  ( C xq ) !1

Propagator and Influence functional

i x a D[x] exp JS A [x] F[x]
xb

K(x b , q b ; x a , q a )
t

F[x]=Influence functional
F[x]e e
i SA [x] J i SA [x] J

X
qb i F[x] ! D[q] exp S B [q]  S I [x, q] qa J

19

Reduced Density matrix

-Elimination environment coordinate out of density matrix

(x,q)

tr ? q tr ? q

A A

dq q

(t) q

-So that after trace out of environment we have

(x,q)

(x,x', t)
20

Reduce density matrix

- Time evolution of reduced density matrix

(xb , xa , t) !

d , , dxdxd (x , x t; xdxd )
b a r b a b a

dd (xb , xa ,0)

Time evolution operator of density matrix where

d d Jr (x b , x a t; xb , x a ,0) !

xb

xa

D[x]

d xb

d xa

D[ x d ]exp

i S?x A  S?x dF ?x, x d A A J

Influence functional
21

Time evolution operator of density matrix

t t


, Jr (x , xd xi , xid) ! ,t
 

(x ,xd ,t)

(xi ,xid ) ,

i D[x]D[xd A[x, xd ]exp ] J

Effective action

A[x, x d! S[x]  S[ xd A[x, xd ] ] ]

xd a xb xd b

x x

Influence effective action

xa

] HA[x , x d! 2 ds1 ds2 ((s1 )L (s1  s2 )7(s2 )

0 t 0 s1

( ! x  x d Relative path |
! x  xd | Center of relative path 2

 i ds1 ds2 ((s2 )R (s1  s2 )((s2 )

0 0

 

s1

22

Memory effect
memory kernel
R (s1 - s2 ) ! noies kernel
g

d I cot(
0

Jn )cos 2

s1  s2

L (s1 - s2 ) ! dissipation kernel

g

!  d I([ )cos[(s1  s 2 )
0
N

s1

s2

Spectral density of environment

n !1

Cn2 n) 2m n
23

Master Equation

Subhasis Sinha and P.A. Sreeram ,Phys.Rev. E 79,051111(2009) B.L Hu, Juan Pablo Paz, and Yuhong Zhang, Phys.Rev. D 45, 2843(1992)
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Master equation time evolution of reduced density matrix

(x, x', t) ! Jr (t,0)

x, xd ,0

Without Environment

2 J x2 1 x2 x 2 2 2 d (x  xd r (x,xd ) , t) ( 2  2)  r (x,x , t) !  xt 2M xx xxd 2

25

Master equation time evolution of reduced density matrix

(x, x', t) ! Jr (t,0)

x, xd ,0

Environment

x xt

(x, x d ! (......... ???....... .) , t)

Jr (t  dt,0)
26

Jr (t,0)

Derivation of the master equation

t
t  dt

Jr(t dt,0)

step 1

xm

A[x, x' ] ! A[x, xd A[~, ~d Ai [x, xd, ~d ] x x ] ,~ x ] x

dt s-t

path

s
step 2

t xi
[x]

Jr (t,0)

xm

x(s)
[~ ] x

x
xf

path integral

~ [x ]

~(s)! x  (x  x ) s  t x m m f dt
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Derivation of the master equation

step 3

step 4 Subtract by Jr (t,0)

step 5 Multiply by

Jr (t  dt, )

and take limit dt

(xi, xid ,0) r

And integrate over coordinate

xJr (t, ) Jr(t  dt, ) Jr(t, ) ! xt dt

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The Master equation

Dissipation
2 J x2 x2 1 x 2 d !  2  2  M2  2  xd r (x,xd iJ r (x,x , t) x , t) xx xxd 2 xt 2M

1 x x 2 x , t) ) , t)  MH2 (t) 2  xd r (x,xd  iJ (t)(x xd  r (x,xd 2 xx xxd  2 x x r (x,xd , t) , t)  iM+(t) (t) x  xd r (x,xd  J (t)f(t)x  xd  xx xxd
Frequency shift

Diffusion and Decoherence

29

Frequency shift

30

(frequency shift)
master equation
2 p (t) ! 2  2 (t)

spectral density

A.J. Leggett[4]

ohmic(n=1, a) subohmic(n=1/2, Supraohmic(n=3, c) K ! 0.3, 0 ! 2000

0

b)

0 = cut-of frequency

A.J. Leggett et al., Rev. Mod. Phys. 59, 1(1987)

;p

2 I !

1

exp 

2 2

31

Dissipation

32

+(t dissipation, )

+ (t) !

ds L (t  s )u 1 ( s ) M u(t ) 1

K 0 ! 0.3, 0 ! 2000

Dissipation kernel

L (t - s) !
Dissipation constant ,ohmic(n=1, a) subohmic(n=1/2, b) Supraohmic(n=3, c) ! 0.3, 0 ! 2000 K
0

A.J. Leggett et al., Rev. Mod. Phys. 59, 1(1987)


33

g

d I( )sin (t - s)

Diffusion and Decoherence

34

Example decoherence of two-slit experiment

] 1  ] 2  2 Re] 1] 2
2 2

Coherence state
1

]2

C11]1 ]1 C12 ]1 ]2 C21]2 ]1 C22 ]2 ]2

35

W.H. Zurek, Rev. Mod. Phys. 75, 715(2003)

example decoherence of two-slit experiment

] 1  ] 2  2 Re] 1] 2
2 2

] 1  ] 2  2 Re] 1] 2

Coherence
1

decoherence

]2
C11 ]1 ]1 C12 ]1 ]2 C21 ]2 ]1 C22 ]2 ]2

0 C11]1 ]1 0 C22]2 ]2
36

W.H. Zurek, Rev. Mod. Phys. 75, 715(2003)

(Decoherence)
noise kernel
g

R (s) ! d I cot(
0

J )cos( s ) 2

F!
Decay factor ,ohmic(n=1, a) subohmic(n=1/2, b) Supraohmic(n=3, c)

1 KBT

K 0 ! 0 .3, 0 ! 2000

B.L Hu, Juan Pablo Paz, and Yuhong Zhang, Phys.Rev. D 45, 2843(1992)

37

Conclusions
reduced density matrix

memory effect

- master equation=time evolution of reduced density matrix

- frequency shift - dissipation - diffusion and decoherence
38

39

1. Subhasis Sinha and P.A. Sreeram ,Phys.Rev. E 79,051111(2009) 2. W.H. Zurek, Rev. Mod. Phys. 75, 715(2003) 3. B.L Hu, Juan Pablo Paz, and Yuhong Zhang, Phys.Rev. D 45,2843(1992) 4. A.J. Leggett et al., Rev. Mod. Phys. 59, 1(1987) 5. A.O. Caldeira and A.J. Leggett, Ann. Phys. (N.Y.) 149, 374(1983) 6. R.P. Feynman and F.L. Vernon, Jr., Ann. Phys. (N.Y) 24, 118(1963)

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