World War II Begins

Worldwide Depression
 

Countries short of supplies Still trying to recover from World War I Economic hardtimes worldwide

The Rise of Dictators



 

Allies had expected Germany to pay for damages during World War I Didnt have enough money to do this Adolph Hitler, leader of Germany during the 20s, said Germany had been treated unfairly. Believed only Germans with blond hair and blue eyes were true Germans Blamed Jews for many of the problems.

National Socialists, or Nazis

   

Political party with Hitler in charge Grew in power and started an army Soldiers, called storm troopers Attacked Jewish people and others opposed to Hitler Put prisoners into terrible prisons called concentration camps.

Nazis in Control


1933 took control of German government Hitler ruled as a dictator, an alldictator, allpowerful ruler. Rebuilt Germanys economy by preparing for another war. Built tanks, guns and other war supplies Wanted to Rule the World

German Dictator, Adolph Hitler

Other Dictators
 

  

Joseph Stalin ruled the Soviet Union Dictatorship country ruled by one allall-powerful person Francisco Franco ruled Spain Benito Mussolini ruled Italy. Hirohito ruled Japan

September 1939: Germany invaded Poland

But, the pact allowed Germany to march into Poland without fear of an attack from Russia.

On 3rd September 1939, Germany invaded Poland and started a War with Britain and France.

German troops marching into Warsaw, the capital of Poland.

May 1940: Germany turned west and invaded France and the Netherlands
In May 1940, Germany used Blitzkrieg tactics to attack France and the Netherlands. British troops were forced to retreat from the beaches of Dunkirk in northern France.
Captured British troops, May 1940

The War Begins



Japan, Italy, and Germany began taking over other countries. Sept. 1, 1939 Germany invaded Poland British and French leaders had had enough! Declared war on Germany on Sept. 3, 1939. British and French not able to stop Germany from taking over other

The United States

 

 

Many thought we should stay out President Franklin Roosevelt promised to keep up out of the war. Prepared for attack just in case. 1st peacetime draft
Men ages 21-39 had to register 21 Started making war supplies

Japanese Invasion Spreads



Japanese invaded Indochina, now what is Cambodia, Laos,and Vietnam American leaders were afraid Japan would threaten the Philippines and other Pacific islands They were RIGHT!

U.S. Enters the War



December 7, 1941, Japanese planes attacked Pearl Harbor in the Hawaiian Islands. Dropped bombs on American ships at the Pearl Harbor naval base. In less than two hours, Japan had destroyed most of the U.S. Pacific fleet. More than 2,000 sailors and 68 civilians were killed.

Declaration of War
 

Day after the attack at Pearl Harbor President Roosevelt asked Congress to declare war on Japan Congress declared war that same day. Italy and Germany, Japans allies, declared war on the U.S. three days later.

Sides are Drawn

Axis Powers
  

Allies
  

Germany Japan Italy

United States Britain France

Americans at War


 

 

Produced more and more airplanes, tanks, and other war supplies Created new jobs World War II ended the Great Depression Women took over many of the jobs Power of the federal government grew Rationing, or limited what Americans could buy so supplies could be sent overseas.

Problems for Japanese Americans

  

Some military leaders distrusted Japanese Americans Were afraid they would help the enemy Roosevelt orderd 110,000 Japanese Americans into relocation camps
Like prisons, fenced in with barbed wire Soldiers guarded the camps with guns Had to sell their homes, businesses, and belongings.

Problems Continue


 

Moved to Utah, California, Arizona, Wyoming, Arkansas, and Idaho Had to wear identification tags Over 17,000 Japanese Americans served in Army units even though their friends and families were being locked away by their own country.

The fighting in World War I ended in western Europe when the Armistice took effect at 11:00 am GMT on November 11, 1918, and in eastern Europe by the early 1920s. During and in the aftermath of the war the political, cultural, and social order was drastically changed in Europe, Asia and Africa, even outside the areas directly involved in the war. New countries were formed, old ones were abolished, international organizations were established, and many new and old ideologies took a firm hold in people's minds

Results of World War I

and

Political Effects of WWI

By G. Pamei & Mr. Baker Mr.

Results of world war I excluded by source, work under re-evaluation Pamei

Political Effects During WWI - Russian Revolution



Russia even before the outbreak of war had been facing serious social problems There were widespread peasant revolts, strikes, and widespread poverty and hunger in the countryside The Tsar Nicholas II had assumed personal responsibility for leading the armies and spent most of his time after the summer of 1915 at army headquarters

Political Effects During WWI - Russian Revolution



Suffered 7 million casualties, but still had 6.5 million men and hope for the future The Russian army lacked weapons and munitions. Many resigned from the army The Tsar didnt like to govern the country; when he was away running the army, his wife and Rasputin were left running the country The Empress Alexandra, a narrow-minded, narrowautocratic woman was left in charge. She did not use the ministers in government Some questioned if Rasputin was leading the country. His death in December 1916 led to much public rejoicing

Political Effects During WWI - Russian Revolution



In March 1917, Petrograd (St. Petersburg) erupted in worker demonstrations. The soldiers refused to fire on the crowds, joined the revolt, and the czar abdicated on March 15th The Provisional Government decided to continue the war. This was a fatal mistake the war was probably the biggest single cause of discontent After a couple of tries, the Bolsheviks succeeded in rallying support for a military assault on the government and seized control in October 1917

Political Effects During WWI - Russian Revolution



The Bolsheviks took Russia out of the war they saw it as a capitalist struggle to begin with, and they also needed time to strengthen their domestic government They signed an armistice with Germany in December 1917 The Russian government agreed to give up its claims to Finland, Poland, the Baltic States, and the Ukraine, and to pay a heavy war indemnity

Political Effects After WWI - New Governments



 

Monarchies were replaced in Russia, Germany, AustriaAustria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire Socialistic ideas experienced a boom Revolution was in the air as people began to express their desires for a better way of life Britain, France, and Germany all experienced a rise in socialism to deal with:
Better working conditions 8-hour work day Collective bargaining Wages Housing

Political Effects After WWI - Treaty of Versailles Germans were forced to sign in June 1919 Vengeance, not reconciliation, was the treatys dominant tone. The Allies hated Germany because:
Money spent on war Starting war Deaths

Political Effects After WWI - Treaty of Versailles



Article 231 War Guilt Clause Germany had to accept everything as their fault Reparations Payments for the cost and damage caused by the war
Germany had to pay $33 billion dollars $500 million per year until 1988

Reduced army and made them be only defensive

Political Effects After WWI - Treaty of Versailles

           

Limited navy No reserves No tanks No subs No long-range artillery longNo conscription No colonies No unions with other countries Rhineland was to be demilitarized Saar was to be occupied by France for 15 years Poland was given a corridor to the sea with Danzig being the main port Cant train soldiers to be general staff officers

Political Effects After WWI - Treaty of Versailles Other Countries Reactions



Italy Didnt get the areas they had hoped for (Fiume) China Upset because the Korean peninsula shouldve been theirs, but Japan got it U.S. Didnt accept the treaty because of the League of Nations Britain Softened their stance against Germany France Upset that the U.S. and Britain had soft stances against Germany

Political Effects After WWI - Treaty of Versailles & the League of Nations


Was an international organization to settle international disputes Its defects were: The Japanese were offended because her attempts to have a statement of racial equality were rejected The U.S. and Central Powers (initially) were excluded It possessed no armed forces of its own

Political Effects After WWI The U.S. Returns To Isolationism



America's return to isolationist politics after the war caused them to reject Wilson's plan to join his new international peacepeace-keeping community America's abstention destroyed any real hopes for international cooperation to keep the peace, since France and England were not strong enough to do it alone because they were in so much debt

Political Effects After WWI Treaty of Saint-Germain (Sept. 1919) Saint 

  

Broke up Austria-Hungary AustriaHad to pay war reparations went bankrupt before they could be set Couldnt enter into unions without consent of the League of Nations Austrian army limited to 30,000 volunteers Reduced their territory Also dealt with railroad rights and navigation rights over the Danube River Result - The vast reduction of territory, population, and resources of the new Austria severely affected its economy and made them resentful

Political Effects After WWI Treaty of Saint-Germain (Sept. 1919) Saint

Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia were just as multi-national as the Austro-Hungarian multiAustroEmpire they replaced
Czechoslovakia
 

Czechs Slovaks Serbs Montenegrins Croats Slovenes Bozniaks

Yugoslavia
    

This caused future unrest in the area

Political Effects After WWI Treaty of Trianon (Nov. 1920)

 

   

Hungary lost 2/3 of its territory and 3.3 million people When the Romanian Army infringed upon the ceasecease-fire line, the Allied powers asked Hungary to acknowledge the new Romanian territorial gains Unable to reject the terms, but unable to accept the treaty, the democratic government resigned. It was replaced by a Communist government The Romanian army attacked and won The Allied powers restored the Hungarian state Army reduced to 35,000; no conscription Was to recognize the rights of minorities in her borders Amount of reparations was never set

Political Effects After WWI Treaty of Trianon (Nov. 1920)



Results - Caused economic problems and ethnic unrest. They sided with Germany in WWII

Political Effects After WWI Treaty of Sevres (Aug. 1920)

 

Ottoman Empire renamed Turkey Territory shrunk:

Created the Kingdom of Hejaz (later Saudi Arabia) Created Armenia Greece and Italy got territorial gains Mandates were given to:


Britain
Iraq Palestine

France
Lebanon Syria

Political Effects After WWI British Mandate of Palestine



The United Kingdom was granted control of Palestine by the Versailles Peace Conference During World War I the British had made two promises regarding territory in the Middle East:
Britain had promised the local Arabs, through Lawrence of Arabia, independence for a united Arab country covering most of the Arab Middle East, in exchange for their supporting the British Britain had promised to create and foster a Jewish national home as laid out in the Balfour Declaration, 1917

Political Effects After WWI Treaty of Sevres (Aug. 1920)

 

Allies controlled the Empires finances Everyone was to be granted free transit through the Empire Goods in transit were to be free of customs duties Property of citizens from Germany, Austria, Hungary, and Bulgaria was to be liquidated Army reduced to 50,000, reduced navy, reduced air force Were supposed to give up the people responsible for committing massacres during the war to an Allied Tribunal, but this was never executed The Dardanelle Straits were to be open in both

Political Effects After WWI Treaty of Sevres (Aug. 1920)



Results
Created areas under Western control that were nationalistic and sought their autonomy Fostered resentment of the occupying Western forces Some Middle Eastern countries, like Iran, would create a good relationship with Germany Didnt resolve the issue over a Jewish homeland

Political Effects After WWI Treaty of Neuilly (Nov. 1919)



  

Bulgaria established borders over contested territories Reduce army to 20,000 Pay reparations of over $400 million Results Resentment over the loss of lands led them to occupy them with the Nazis during WWII

Political Effects After WWI Fear of German Resentment



Locarno Treaty
Signed in October 1925 The Germans renounced any desire to change their western frontier with France and accepted the loss of AlsaceAlsaceLorraine Britain and Italy guaranteed the western frontiers of France and the continued demilitarization of the Rhineland against a flagrant breach but what did that mean?

Political Effects After WWI Fear of German Resentment



Locarno Spring
Had eased tensions between France and Germany, but France was still suspicious of Germany From 1925-1929, relations were better 1925between the two countries France had an alliance with Poland and Czechoslovakia, but these two countries couldnt be counted on for French security Britain wouldnt aid France if they attacked Germany

Political Effects After WWI KelloggKellogg-Briand Pact



Created by the U.S. Secretary of State and French Foreign Minister Agreement signed in 1928 that renounced war as a way to resolve disputes A total of 62 nations signed the treaty, including the U.S., Italy, Germany, France, Great Britain, Russia, and Japan

Political Effects After WWI - Stab In the Back & Hitlers Rise


The German and Austrian populaces, with their censored presses, had been kept in the dark about the recent military defeats of their armies, so that the surrender came as a complete, nasty surprise As Germany itself had not been militarily conquered, its citizens expected a mild, negotiated settlement, and were stunned by the harsh peace treaty that their new leaders eventually agreed to In the years after the war, conspiracy theories grew up in which Germany had been defeated not on the battlefield, but by treacherous politicians at home. Adolf Hitler would later use these theories to great effect in rallying

Political Effects After WWI Stab in the Back & Hitlers Rise


Adolf Hitler, a veteran of the War's worst firestorms, desperately sought a reason for defeat Imbued with a burning hatred of Jews, Bolsheviks and even Democrats, the solution was simple - the country had been stabbed in the back by the November Criminals, or in Hitler's words: "a gang of despicable and depraved

Political Effects After WWI - Stab In the Back & Hitlers Rise
 

The First World War created the Dictator that the world would bitterly come to know He himself admitted this in 1941, saying: "When I returned from the War, I brought back home with me my experiences at the front; out of them I built my National Socialist community"