SOLUTION AND SOLUBILITY

SOLUTE that dissolves in other substances y The substance

SOLVENT
A liquid that dissolves other substances

SOLUTION
The mixture that is formed when a solute dissolves in a solvent

DILUTElittle solute, can still dissolve more solute SOLUTION y Contains

CONCENTRATED SOLUTIONmore y Contains a lot of solute, can still dissolve some

solute

SATURATED SOLUTION y Contains the maximum amount of solute,

y Cannot dissolve any more solute
Undissolved solutes in a saturated solution can be dissolved completely by heating or adding more solvent to the solution

Solute settles to the bottom

SOLUTION AND SUSPENSION

y SOLUTION  Mixtures containing dissolved substances y SUSPENSION  Mixtures containing insoluble substances

SOLUTION
A solute dissolved (larut) in a solvent Tiny and well dispersed Transparent and clear, allows light to pass through No sediment (mendakan) seen No residue left on the filter paper Homogenous because its properties are the same throughout Salt solution, acids, alkalis

ASPECTS Composition Size of particles Nature of solution When left to stand filtration Type of solution examples

SUSPENSION
Insoluble( tak larut), suspended particles in a gas or liquid Larger than those in a solution Opaque and cloudy, does not allow much light to pass through Solid particles settle to the bottom or float (terapung) at the surface Residue left on the filter paper Non-homogenous (cloudy) Some medicines, calamine lotion

SOLUBILITY
y Maximum amount of a solute in grams that will

dissolve in agiven amount of solvent (liquid) y Factors affecting the solubility of a solute are a) The nature of solvent b) The nature of the solute c) The temperature of the solvent

The Nature of the Solvent

y A solute may have a lower solubility in one solvent but

a higher solubility in another solvent y E.g : sugar dissolves more quickly in water than alcohol and petrol

The Nature of the Solute

y Different solute have different solubilities in a given

solvent y E.g: sugar is more soluble than iodine in water

The Temperature of the Solvent

y The solubility of solids in liquids solvents increases at

higher temperature y The solubility of gases in liquids solvents decreases at higher temperatures y E.g : sugar is more soluble in hot, boiling water than in ice-cold water

Water as a solvent
y Known as universal solvent y Drinks y Soap and washing powder y Digestive, circulatory, excretory system y In industrial sector, y Oxygen and carbon dioxide dissolve in water y Needed b plants to make food, transport food

Organic solvent
y Alcohol antiseptic y Turpetine dilute paint y Butyl ester preparation of perfumes y Ether extraction of fats and oils y Amyl acetate preparation of cosmetic products y Acetone cosmetic product(nail varnish), lacquer for

painting, polishing wooden furniture

ACIDS AND ALKALIS

ACID Sour Feel like water Cha re e lue lit us paper TASTE WHEN TOUCH TESTE ITH IT US A E pH VA UE EACTION WITH ETA S ioxi e EACTION WITH CA BONATES EACTION WITH A ONIU SA T ALKALI Bitter Feel soapy Cha e re lit us paper lue pH value No reactio No reactio Give off a o ia as ore tha 7

pH value of less tha 7 Give off hy ro e Give off car o No reactio

Uses of acids in daily life

y Hydrochloric acids

produce chemical ubstance,

used to make dyes y Benzoic acid preservative in sauces and drinks y Sulphuric acid electrolyte in car, fertilisers, detergent y Tartaric acid soft drinks, carbonated drinks, health salt y Acetic acid preserve paint, paint, artificial vinegar y Formic acid coagulate latex into rubber sheets y Ascorbic acid produce vitamin C tablets y Citric acid fruit juice, health salt

Use of alkalis in daily life

y Sodium hydroxide detergent and soaps, plastic and

rayon y Pottasium hydroxide liquid soap, absorb acidic gases, dye cloth, paint remover y Calcium oxide cement, slake lime y Ammonia solution prevent coagulation of laex, cleaning agent, bleach, fertilisers y Magnesium hydroxide toothpaste, medicine

NEUTRALISATION
y Process in which acid reacts with alkali to form a

neutral solution containing salt

y Application of neutralisation  Bee stings(acidic)

bicarbonate powder  Toothpaste acid around the teeth  Antacid(magnesia-alkali)- acid in stomach

WATER PURIFICATION
y Water must be treated before can be used for drinking. y Treated in following ways : filtration- remove suspended solid particles  Boiling

kill microorganism  Chlorination- water purification plants, swimming pool  Distillation distilled water  Ozone kill microroganisms  Ultraviolet light sterile water in fish ponds

THE WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

Coagulation impure water mixed with alum (aluminium sulphate) and lime - causes mud and fine particles suspended to form bulky sticky precipitate 2. Sedimentation the heavier precipitate settle to he bottom of the tanks - bacteria and other impurities trapped in the sinking precipitate 3. Filtration flows through a series of sand filters 4. - reove remaining suspended impurities
1.

THE WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

4. Chlorination mix with chlorine to kill remaining

bacteria for a day - lime is added to reduce the acidity of water. 5. Flouridation sodium flouride is added to reduce tooth decay 6. The water then channelled into another pumping station for storage

PRESERVATION OF WATER QUALITY

Types of pollutants Industrial waste Pollutants Toxic chemical Radioactive residue Domestic waste Garbage or litter Sources Factories that use chemicals Nuclear power plants Households Harmful effect on living things Causes poisoning Harms animals and plants Chokes fish, birds and other marine animals Blocks sunlight Diseases e.g. cholera, typhoid Reduces dissolved oxygen Promote growth of algae Kill marine life

Untreated sewage

Households without proper sewage facilities

PRESERVATION OF WATER QUALITY

Types of pollutants Agricultural waste Pollutants Excessive fertilisers pesticide Sources Farm, garden, estate Farm, garden, estate Deforested area, construction site Harmful effect on living things Reduces dissolved oxygen Promote growth of algae Kill marine life Harms animals and plants Kill other living things Block sunlight Block the flow of water

Waste from silting

Mud, silt, sand

Accidental spillage and leakage from oil tankers

oil

il tankers, sea vessel, oil refineries

Poison and kill irds, marine life Damage the feathers of irds

Ways to preserve water and its quality

y Saving water y Controlling water pollution y Pay compensation y Cleaning agent without petrochemicals y Use biological control methods y Educational programme y recycling