Hydropower: An Introduction

Presented by Raghubir S. Rawat

Presented B y : Raghubir S. Rawat

Introduction
Energy E = mgh
the power is related to themass flow rate .

Substitutingwith P and Q and introducing , for efficiency we get Power, P = g Q H

P = 0.008829QH

MW

Note: cumec = one m3/s & cusec = one ft3/s.

Where = density of water, 1000 Kg/m3 g = gravitational acceleration, 9.81m/s2 Q = flow rate, m3/s H = Head of fall which is utilized, m = overall efficiency (say 90 %)

Overview
The hydropower industry is closely linked to both water management and

renewable energy. community, and

Production and thus has an important role, in cooperation with the international In striving for sustainable development in a world where billions of people still lack

access to safe drinking water and adequate energy supplies.

"The problem, though, is not the dams. It is the hunger. It is the thirst. It is the darkness of a township. It is township and rural huts without running water, lights or sanitation. It is the time wasted in gathering water by hand. There is a real pressing need for power in every sense of the word. Nelson Mandela [WCD Launch, 16 November 2000, London]

Distribution Of Electricity Supply

Overview
Hydropower is renewable because it draws its essential energy from the sun which drives the

hydrological cycle which, in turn, provides a continuous renewable supply of water.

Hydropower represents more than 92 percent of all renewable energy generated, and continues to

stand as one of the most viable sources of new generation into the future. It also provides an option to store energy, to optimize electricity generation.
The International Hydropower Association (IHA), the Implementing Agreement on Hydropower

Technologies and Programmes of the International Energy Agency (IEA/Hydro), the Canadian Hydropower Association (CHA) and the International Commission Large Dams (ICOLD), are world-wide organisations that are proponents of responsible hydropower development
By the year 2050, the world population is expected to increase by 50 per cent, from 6 to 9 billion. Energyonsumption per inhabitant per year is generally in correlation with the standard of living of the

population, which is characteristic of welfare from an economic, social and cultural point of view. Today the less developed countries in the world, with 2.2 billion inhabitants, have an annual per capita consumption of primary energy which is 20 times less than those of the industrialised countries (with 1.3 billion inhabitants), and per capita electricity consumption which is 35 times less.
In view of this situation, all available sources of energy will be necessary, but for environmental

reasons, the first priority should be the development of all the technically, economically and environmentally feasible potential from clean, renewable energy sources, such as hydropower.

Why Hydopower ?
High Reliability:
Hydropower is a proven, well understood technology based on more than a century of experience. Its schemes have the lowest operating costs and longest plant lives. High Efficiency: Hydropower plants provide the most efficient energy conversion process. Modern plants can convert more than 95 per cent of moving waters energy into electricity, while the best fossil-fuel plants are only about 60 per cent efficient. Hydropower also has the highest energy payback ratio. During the lifetime of a scheme, it can produce more than 200 times the energy needed to build it. High Flexibility: Hydropower schemes with adequate storage reservoirs offer the capacity to meet instantaneous fluctuations in demand. These technical advantages are part of an array of benefits known as ancillary services, which enable hydropower to optimize the use of other electricity sources. Building the backbone of an integrated renewable grid Hydropower can provide the required back-up energy to sustain other renewable energy sources with intermittent services, to ensure electricity supply at times when there is no wind or sun. Increasing the efficiency of mixed systems Although hydropower resources are not evenly distributed, or sufficient in total to meet the worlds demand for electricity, hydro can play an important role in reducing the disadvantages of thermal power generation. Well-managed peaking and pumped-storage schemes integrated into a mixed system will reduce atmospheric emissions and optimize the efficiency of the total power system.

Energy Technologies And Their Current Generating Costs

(adapted from UNDP 2000. World Energy Assessment, pp. 15, 281, 282, 292, 386)

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Hydro Power Projects

Power Generation Options And Their Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Major Hydro-power Projects In India

MAJOR HYDRO-POWER PROJECTS IN INDIA

Power Scenario In India

Economically exploitable hydro potential is 84044 MW at 60% load factor to. Hydroelectric Schemes in operation account for only 14.84 % Hydroelectric Schemes under execution account for only 6.99 % of total potential. Bulk of potential 78.17 % remains to be developed. Small hydro accounts for 6781.81 MW under 1512 scheme Maximum Hydro-power potential in Arunachal Pradesh is 26756 MW (Installed capacity 60,000 MW) Second highest in hydro power potential is Himachal Pradesh 11747 MW(Installed capacity of 25000 MW)

Types Of Hydropower
Reservoir or impoundment type Run of the river scheme. Plumped storage plant. Tidal

Run Of The River Projects

The natural flow and elevation drop of a river are used to generate electricity. Power

stations of this type are built on rivers with a consistent and steady flow, either natural or through the use of a large reservoir at the head of the river which then can provide a regulated steady flow for stations down-river.
Advantages

Flooding the upper part of the river is not required as it doesn't need a large reservoir. As a result, people living at or near the river don't need to be relocated and natural habitats are preserved, reducing the environmental impact as compared to reservoirs.
Disadvantages

The output of the power plant is highly dependent on natural run-off. Spring melts will create a lot of energy while dry seasons will create relatively little energy A run-of-the-river power plant has little or no capacity forenergy storageand hence can't co-ordinate the output of electricity generation to match consumer demand.

Impoundment Type
Uses a dam to store water. Water may be

released either to meet changing electricity needs or to maintain a constant water level.

Penstock s

Power House

Koldam Project Layout

Diversio n Tunnels
N AI M
D A

M DA

T AS E CR

KYAN VILLAGE

illw Sp ay

g ltin r i e-s mbe D a Ch

Switchyar d

Project View point

Pumped Storage Plant

Pumped storage hydroelectricity is a type of hydroelectric

power generation used by some power plants for load balancing. The method stores energy in the form of water, pumped from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation. During periods of high electrical demand, the stored water is released through turbines.

Low-cost off-peak electric power is used to run the pumps.

Although the losses of the pumping process makes the plant a

net consumer of energy overall, the system increases revenue by selling more electricity during periods of peak demand, when electricity prices are highest.

At times of low electrical demand, excess generation capacity is used to pump water into the higher reservoir. When there is higher demand, water is released back into the lower reservoir through a turbine, generating electricity. Reversible turbine/generator assemblies act as pump and turbine (usually a Francis turbine design). Pure pumped-storage plants just shift the water between reservoirs, but combined pumpstorage plants also generate their own electricity like conventional hydroelectric plants through natural stream-flow

Pumped Storage Plant

Taking into account evaporation losses from

the exposed water surface and conversion losses, approximately 70% to 85% of the electrical energy used to pump the water into the elevated reservoir can be regained.

The technique is currently the most cost-

effective means of storing large amounts of electrical energy on an operating basis, but capital costs and the presence of appropriate geography are critical decision factor storage systems help control electrical network frequency and provide reserve generation.

Along with energy management, pumped

Thermal plants are much less able to respond

to sudden changes in electrical demand, potentially causing frequency and voltage instability. Pumped storage plants, like other hydroelectric plants, can respond to load changes within seconds.

Pumped Storage Plant

Along with energy management,

pumped storage systems help control electrical network frequency and provide reserve generation.

Thermal plants are much less able to

respond to sudden changes in electrical demand, potentially causing frequency and voltage instability. Pumped storage plants, like other hydroelectric plants, can respond to load changes within seconds.

E.g Tehri Dam, Uttranchal , 1,000 MW

Pumped Storage Plant

Pumped-storage facilities have some distinctive features:
Greater output can be obtained with smaller reservoirs in comparison with conventional hydropower. They use the water stored in the reservoirs repeatedly and do not need large natural inflow to the reservoirs. While conventional hydropower can only generate power, pumped storage can absorb power when the system has an excess.

Pumped-storage plants work as a huge storage battery by charging or discharging power according to the systems demand. During off-peak hours, such as the early morning hours, excess electricity produced by conventional powerplants is used to pump water from lower to higher-level reservoirs. During periods of highest demand, the water is released from the upper reservoir through turbines to generate electricity. The combined use of pumped storage facilities with other types of electricity generation creates large cost savings through the more efficient use of base-load plants.

Dams
Hydropower currently provides 19% of the world's total

electricity supply, and is used in over 150 countries with 24 of these countries depending on it for 90% of their supply.
30-40% of the 271 million hectares of agricultural land

irrigated worldwide rely on dams.

60% of the world's 227 largest rivers are severely

fragmented by dams, diversions, and canals - leading to the degradation of ecosystems.

Dams : Facts And Figures

The World Commission on Dams estimated that there are as many as 48,000

dams over 15m high worldwide. About half of these are in China. There are about 4300 dams in India. being over 15 m high. The definition also includes dams between 5-15 m high with a reservoir exceeding 3 million cubic meters. dam building in China, Turkey, Brazil and India still continues on a large scale. 4 years.

The International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD) defines a large dam as

Dam building peaked in the '70s and declined globally after that. Nevertheless, On average one new dam is build every day and the average construction time is Itaipu, shared between Brazil and Paraguay, has the highest installed capacity at

the moment, with 12,600 MW. When the Three Gorges Dam is completed it will take over as the dam with the largest capacity, reaching 18,200 MW.

About 1500 dams are currently under construction worldwide.

DAMS
Classification based on the building material used. Embankment Dams

Concrete dams: Types are as follows :

Gravity dams Arch dams Buttress dams

Embankment Dams
ICOLD defined an embankment dam as, "any dam constructed of excavated materials placed without addition of binding materials other than those inherent in the natural material. The materials are usually obtained at or near the dam site Embankment dams are made from compacted earth, and have two main types, rock-fill and earth-fill dams. Larger embankment dams are zoned and constructed of a variety of materials, either extracted from different local sources or prepared by mechanical or hydraulic separation of source material into fractions with different properties An important element in a zoned dam is an impermeable blanket or core which usually consists of clayey materials obtained locally. An advantage compared with concrete dams is that the bearing strength requirements of the foundation are much less.

e.g

Tehri Dam , Kol Dam .

Embankment Dams
An earth dam is basically a trapezoidal embankment built in a valley to form a water reservoir. The design has to ensure:
1. It is impermeable enough to prevent excessive loss

of water from the reservoir. 2. The design must ensure stable slopes. 3. Settlement of the dam must not be excessive so as to reduce the freeboard of the dam. 4. The upstream slope of the dam must be protected from the destructive action of waves, and the downstream slope must withstand rainfall erosion. 5. A sufficient bond between the embankment and its foundation must exist to prevent the development of seepage paths; excessive hydrostatic uplift must be controlled by proper drainage.

Project

Concrete Dams
Gravity Dams
In a gravity dam, stability is secured by making it of such a size and shape that it will resist overturning, sliding and crushing at the toe. This is the case if the resultant force of water pressure and weight falls within the base of the dam. Gravity dams are classified as "solid" or "hollow." The solid form is the more widely used of the two, though the hollow dam is frequently more economical to construct. Coulee Dam is a solid gravity dam and Itaipu Dam is a hollow gravity dam.

The Eder dam in Germany, built around 1910.

Concrete Dams
Arch Dams
In the arch dam, stability is obtained by a combination of arch and gravity action. For this type of dam, firm reliable supports at the abutments (either buttress or canyon side wall) are more important. The most desirable place for an arch dam is a narrow canyon with steep side walls composed of sound rock. A similar type is the double-curvature or thin-shell dam. E.g Idduki Dam and Hoover Dam.

Hoover dam

Concrete Dams
Buttress Dams
Buttress dams were first developed to conserve water in regions where materials were scarce or expensive but labour was cheap. These Dams were used for irrigation and mining purposes.

Types Of Hydroelectric Projects: Respective Services And Main Impact Sources

Average Size Of Hydro Reservoir Per Unit Of Capacity (Goodland,1995)

Tidal power
'Tidal power, sometimes called Tidal energy, is a form of hydropower that

converts the energy of tides into electricity or other useful forms of power. generation. Tides are more predictable than wind energy and solar power. Historically, tide mills have been used, both in Europe and on the Atlantic coast of the USA. The earliest occurrences date from the Middle Ages, or even from Roman times Moon, which interact via gravitational forces. Periodic changes of water levels, and associated tidal currents, are due to the gravitational attraction by the Sun and Moon. The magnitude of the tide at a location is the result of the changing positions of the Moon and Sun relative to the Earth, the effects of Earth rotation, and the local shape of the sea floor and coastlines. interaction with the Moon and Sun, and the Earth's rotation, tidal power is practically inexhaustible and classified as a renewable energy source.

Although not yet widely used, tidal power has potential for future electricity

Tidal energy is generated by the relative motion of the Earth, Sun and the

Because the Earth's tides are caused by the tidal forces due to gravitational

A tidal energy generator uses this phenomenon to generate energy. The

stronger the tide, either in water level height or tidal current velocities, the greater the potential for tidal energy generation.

ITAIPU DAM

total view of the ITAIPU power plant Left part shows overflow (spillway), the power station is located in the middle.

ITAIPU DAM
Location: The Parana River between

Brazil and Paraguay.

The Parana river is the seventh largest

in the world and had to be diverted to construct the dam.

The installed generation capacity of the

plant is 14GW , with 20 generating units of 700MW each. In the year 2008, it achieved its generating record of 94.68 billion kilowatt-hours (kWh), which supplied 90% of the energy consumed by Paraguay or 19% of that consumed by Brazil Engineers elected the Itaipu Dam as one of theSeven Wonders of the Modern World

In 1994, theAmerican Society of Civil

At the bottom of the 196 m tall dam The white tubes are containing the inlets for the 18 turbines (715 MW each).

ITAIPU DAM
The works began in January 1975. OnMay 5,1984, the first generation

unit started running in Itaipu. The first 18 units were installed at the rate of two to three a year; the last two of these started running in the year 1991. operations in September 2006 and in March 2007, thus raising the installed capacity to 14,000 MW and completing the power plant. its length 7.76 km. The lake created by this is 170 km long and contains 29 billion tons of water. in the world was shifted; as was 50 million tones of earth and rock.

The last two of the 20 units started

The height of the dam reaches 196 m,

The course of the seventh biggest river

On top of the 7.6 km dam A 12 800 000 m of concrete was used for the project ITAIPU.

ITAIPU DAM
The amount ofconcrete used to build the Itaipu

Power Plant would be enough to build 210football stadiums. construction of 380Eiffel Towers. construction

Theironandsteelused would allow for the Around forty thousand people worked in the The water intake of one single 715 MW Francis-

turbine is 700 m/s, its weighted efficiency is 93.8%.

approximately 10,000 families living beside the

Paran River were dislodged from their plots in order to make way for the dam

The final cost of ITAIPU amounts to US$ 20 billion, If whole area of the lake - at nominal level - would

be covered by solar modules for the same yearly output as ITAIPU a solar PV-plant would cost US$ 132 billion

HOOVER DAM

HOOVER DAM LAYOUT

HOOVER DAM
To provide much more

highway capacity, and better safety, the newHoover Dam Bypassis scheduled to be completed in 2010 traffic 1,500 feet downstream from the dam. compositesteel andconcrete arch bridge, tentatively named the Mike O'Callaghan-Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge

It will divert the U.S. 93

The bypass will include a

HOOVER DAM
Construction period: April 20,

1931 March 1, 1936

Construction cost: $49 million

($736 million adjusted forinflation from 1936 to 2008) construction: 112; 96 of them at the construction site. from 1986 to 1993, the total gross power rating for the plant, is about 2080 MW.

Deaths attributed to

Following anuprating project

HOOVER DAM
Hoover Dam, originally known

asBoulder Dam, is aconcretegravity dam in theBlack Canyonof theColorado River, on theborderbetween theU.S. states ofArizona andNevada . both the world's largest electricpower generating station and the world's largest concrete structure. played an instrumental role in its construction, first as theSecretary of Commerceand then later as thePresident of the United States

When completed in 1935, it was

named afterHerbert Hoover, who

THREE GORGES DAM

THREE GORGES DAM

TheThree Gorges Damspans theYangtze China. With a length of more than 6,300 km and a natural

fall of 5,400 meters from the west to the east, the flood-prone Yangtze River is the largest of the kind in China and the third largest in the world.

It is thelargest hydro-electric power stationin the world.

Except for a planned ship lift, all the original plan of

the project was completed on October 30, 2008, when the 26thgenerator was brought to commercial operation.
Six additional generators in the underground power

plant are being installed, with the dam thus not expected to become fully operational until about 2011.
The total electric generating capacity of the dam will

reach 22,500MW.

THREE GORGES DAM

The dam was first envisioned in 1919.[ Dam was approved by theNational People's

Congress in 1992 with a record number of abstentions and dissenting votes .

The construction started on December 14,

1994.
The dam was expected to be fully

operational in 2009, but due to additional projects such as the undergroundpower plantwith 6 additional generators, and due to the complexity of the ship lift, the dam is not expected to become fully operational until about 2011.
The dam will raise the water level the third

time to its designed maximum water level (175 m above sea level) by the end of 2008

THREE GORGES DAM

There are two hazards uniquely

identified with the dam.

One is that sedimentation projections

are not agreed upon, and the other is that the dam sits on a seismic fault. sluice gates which can cause dam failure under some conditions. reservoir has or will flood some 1,300archaeological sites .

Excessive sedimentation can block the

The 600kilometer (375mi) long

The massive project sets records for

number of people displaced (more than 1.2 million), number of cities and towns flooded (13 cities, 140 towns, 1,350 villages), and length of reservoir (more than 600 kilometers)

BHAKRA NANGAL DAM

Bhakra Damis aconcrete gravity damacross the Sutlej River, near the border betweenPunjaband Himachal Pradeshin northernIndia.

The Bhakra-Nangal multipurpose project is among the earliest river valley development schemes undertaken by Independent India. The project was conceived long before India became a free nation and preliminary works had commenced in 1946

Hydropower And The Question Of Scale

Of course, you will choose the single one-litre container. There is much less packaging here because of the geometrical relationship between surfaces and volumes: when you increase the size of a container, the outside surface grows at a square rate while the volume inside grows at a cubic rate. The same geometrical laws govern comparisons between small-scale versus large-scale hydroelectric plants and their corresponding reservoirs.

Small Hydro
In India, hydro projects up to 25 MW station capacity have been categorized as Small Hydropower (SHP) projects. Further, these are classified as: Class Micro Hydro Mini Hydro Small Hydro Station capacity in kW Up to 100 101 2000 2001 - 25000

The Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources, Government of India is assigned the business of SHP up to this capacity.

Why Small Hydro Power ?

Reliable, ecofriendly, mature and proven technology. More suited for the sensitive mountain ecology. Can be exploited wherever sufficient water flows along small streams, medium to small rivers. Does not involve setting up of large dams or problems of deforestation, submergence or rehabilitation. Nonpolluting, entails no waste or production of toxic gases, environment friendly. Small capital investment and short gestation period. Minimal transmission losses.

Small Hydro Development In India

Power generating total installed capacity in India is of 1,27,056

MW, which includes 33,194 MW from hydro. About 70% of the population in India lives in rural areas. The rural energy scenario is characterized by inadequate, poor and unreliable supply of energy services. Realizing the fact that small hydropower projects can provide a solution for the energy problem in rural, remote and hilly areas where extension of grid system is comparatively uneconomical. Along the canal systems having sufficient drops, promoting small and mini hydro projects is one of the objectives of the Policy on Hydro Power Development in India. Along water distribution systems and pre and post water treatment plants.

State Wise Identified Small Hydel Sites upto 25 MW Capacity number of Total Capacity in MW S. No. Name of State Identified
Sites 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhatisgarh Goa Gujarat Haryana 286 492 90 92 174 3 290 22 30.05 254.63 1059.03 148.90 194.02 179.97 2.6 156.83 30.05

9
10 11 12 13 14

Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh

323
201 89 230 198 85

1624.78
1207.27 170.05 652.61 466.85 336.32

State Wise Identified Small Hydro Sites upto 25 MW Capacity Contd . Number of Total Capacity in MW s.No Name of State Identified
Sites 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Orissa Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttaranchal West Bengal A&N Island 234 96 98 88 86 161 78 49 68 147 8 211 354 145 6 599.47 105.63 181.50 190.32 181.39 156.76 65.26 27.26 202.75 338.92 9.85 267.061 1478.235 182.62 6.40

TOTAL

4,404

10,477.34

Main Elements Of A small hydro Scheme

Weir Canal Forebay Penstock Powerhouse Tailrace

Thank You