Chapter 2 Basic Chemistry

2.1 Chemical Elements All living and nonliving things are matter composed of elements q Matter: anything that takes up space and has mass
three states: solid, liquid, gas composed of elements most important elements to life: carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur (CHNOPS)

Fig. 1 Elements

2.1 Chemical Elements

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Atomic Structure

elements are made of atoms atoms are smallest part of an element w/ the same properties atoms are made of protons, neutrons, and electrons

Fig. 2 Model of helium

2.1 Chemical Elements

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Atomic Structure, continued

elements are made of atoms each atom has a different symbol, mass (atomic mass), and number of protons (atomic number)

Fig. 2.3 Periodic table

I 1 VIII 2

H
1.008 3 II 4 III 5 IV 6 V 7 VI 8 VII 9

He
4.003 10

Li
Group
6.941 11

Be
9.012 12

B
10.81 13

C
14

N
15

O
16.00 16

F
19.00 17

Ne
20.18 18

12.01 14.01

Na
22.99 19

Mg
24.31 20

Al
26.98 31

Si
32

P
33

S
32.07 34

Cl
35.45 35

Ar
39.95 36

28.09 30.97

K
39.10

Ca
40.08

Ga
69.72

Ge

As

Se
78.96

Br
79.90

Kr
83.60

72.59 74.92 Periods

2.1 Chemical Elements

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Isotopes

isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons

radioactive isotopes can be used to date objects, create images, and trace the movement of substances

Fig. 2.4a Thyroid scan

Fig. 2.4b PET scan

2.1 Chemical Elements

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Electrons and Energy

electrons occupy specific energy levels (orbitals); the number of electrons in the outermost orbital leads to bonding most atoms follow the octet rule

Fig. 2.6 Bohr models of atoms

2.2 Elements and Compounds Elements make up a diversity of compounds through bonding q Compound: atoms of two or more different elements bonded together q Molecule: the smallest part of a substance that has the same properties of the substance

2.2 Elements and Compounds

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Ionic Bonding
Ion: charged particle (one that has gained or lost electron(s)) Ionic bond: bond between ions caused by attraction of positive and negative charges easily broken by, and therefore dissolved in, water

Fig 2.7a Sodium chloride formation

Sodium atom (Na) Chlorine atom (Cl)

Fig 2.7a Sodium chloride formation

Sodium atom (Na) Chlorine atom (Cl)

Fig 2.7a Sodium chloride formation

Sodium ion (Na+) Chlorine ion (Cl-)

Fig 2.7 Sodium chloride

Fig. 2.7b Salt crystals

2.2 Elements and Compounds

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Covalent Bonding

Covalent bond: bond formed when atoms share electrons to complete octets

Fig. 2.8b Oxygen gas

Fig. 2.8c Methane

Fig. 2.8d Methane, continued

2.2 Elements and Compounds

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Covalent Bonding, continued

nonpolar: sharing of electrons is about equal polar: sharing of electrons is unequal; results in slightly positive and negative parts of the molecule caused by strongly electronegative atoms (like O, N, or F) pulling electrons away from less electronegative atoms (like H)

Fig. 2.9a Three models of water

2.2 Elements and Compounds

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Covalent Bonding, continued

Hydrogen bond: weak bond between positive hydrogen atoms of one molecule and negative atoms (usually O or N) of another molecule help proteins and DNA maintain their shape lead to important properties of water, like it being a liquid on Earths surface (and not a gas)

Fig. 2.9b Hydrogen bonding

2.3 Chemistry of Water Water is essential for life q Properties of Water

high heat capacity the temperature of water rises and falls slowly calorie: energy needed to increase the temperature of 1g water 1C high heat of vaporization ocean temperatures are moderate

Fig. 2.10 Temperature and water

2.3 Chemistry of Water

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Properties of Water, continued

excellent solvent due to polarity solvent: substance that dissolves a solute, forming a solution hydrophilic: attracts water hydrophobic: does not attract water

Pg. 28a Dissociation

Pg. 28b Dissolving

2.3 Chemistry of Water

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Properties of Water, continued

cohesive and adhesive cohesion: water molecules stick together adhesion: water molecules stick to polar surfaces allows water to rise up a tubular vessel

Fig. 2.11 Water transport

2.3 Chemistry of Water

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Properties of water, continued

high surface tension ice is less dense than water allows life to continue underneath frozen lakes

Fig. 2.12a Water density

Fig. 2.12b A pond in winter

2.3 Chemistry of Water

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Acids and bases

small numbers of water molecules dissociate (1 10-7 moles/liter)

in Advanced Chemistry, the H+ were called H3O+; they are the same

2.3 Chemistry of Water

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Acids and bases, cont.

acid: substance that releases H+ (hydrogen) ions (protons) into an aqueous solution

2.3 Chemistry of Water

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Acids and bases, cont.

base:substance that releases OH(hydroxide) ions into an aqueous solution

2.3 Chemistry of Water

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Acids and bases, cont.

pH scale: indicates the acidity or basicity (alkalinity of a solution)

2.3 Chemistry of Water

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Acids and bases, cont.

pH scale: indicates the acidity or basicity (alkalinity of a solution) each number on the pH scale is 10 times more acidic or basic than the number to the left or right

2.3 Chemistry of Water

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Acids and bases, cont.

buffer: a chemical or combination of chemicals that keeps pH within some range they work by reacting with excess H+ or OH- ions remember Le Chateliers principle!

2.3 Chemistry of Water

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What?!? You dont remember Le Chateliers principle?

When a system at equilibrium is disturbed, the system adjusts in a way to reduce the change.