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Strategies
Moral agent
Form
Dimensions
Moral Content : Moral rules and Human characteristics Moral forms : Situational and Principles Ethical dimensions : Reasoning, feelings, performance Moral strategies
Many
views about moral concept and moral educational concept are multi- dimensional. - Sugarman. 1973 Teachers and Students; Parents and Children.
Eg:
Society Human Characteristic Moral Forms Principalistic Ethical Form Situational Ethics Form
Rules
Emment (1966): Human rules do not exist by themselves, but are complied from old and new knowledge and experience in human life. Robert B. Ashmore (1987): All matter in the natural world act according to certain rules of laws.
D.
The moral issues experienced first by an individual are customary rules and regulations that form the mores of a society. Customary morality Reflective morality
Standard/ Cannot
be disobey or challenged.
Conduct
Reasoning To
be familiar with the reasoning observe or oppose the customary rule formation of specific criteria to judge the way to act.
If we cant follow certain rules, we must find another way to settle the matter by forming a new rule which is acceptable to everyone. Aims of rules of a society - Preserving peace and in ensuring harmony are of equal importance.
Virtuous
character should be the main moral content in the shaping of an individual. B. Brant (1979) : many societies have a system of control over human behavior that is different from what is fixed by the law (moral code/ ethical code) are in total 6 qualities to possesses an ethical
Richard
There
code :
Do something in a certain way An individual can be reluctant to hurt someone and willing to help save someone in danger.
Own action contrary with own intrinsic Uncomfortable, sinful. Others opposed to individuals intrinsic angry, digusted.
The feeling of admiration and esteem for someone who has done something extraordinary in the moral sense (sacrificing).
No special linguistic terms to explain an action. By knowing special terminology for motivation and moral action, a person can understand and appreciate the complex moral concept.
ers i self
s irt sc t e e le r ec c
r cter i .
ill e efit
les i t e s ciet l e le li e i e ce
t e s re t f rt.
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Introduction
In todays world, there are many countries with various nationalities, races, and ethnic groups. Issues of morality is one of the biggest problem in each of the society. To solve a moral dilemma: Use your intelligence Refer to social rules Consider the moral principles that we use consistently.
" Increasing numbers of people across the ideological spectrum believe that our society is in deep moral trouble. The disheartening signs are everywhere: the breakdown of the family; the deterioration of civility in everyday life; rampant greed at a time when one in five children is poor; an omnipresent sexual culture that fills our television and movie screens with sleaze, beckoning the young toward sexual activity at ever earlier ages; the enormous betrayal of children through sexual abuse; and the 1992 report of the National Research Council that says the United States is now the most violent of all industrialized nations. . . . " --- Thomas Lickona, The Return of Character Education (1993)
MOR L FORMS
JUSTICE PRINCIPLE
ALTRUISTIC PRINCIPLE
Concept of justice All actions and conduct of a person who are fair to himself and others Just behavior; a concern for genuine respect and treatment, which is to be regarded as fair and equal. Instrument to protect the interest of the society: Actual human rights Autonomy of individual Rational action, behaviour and conduct.
Reference in making moral decisions Action which please of benefits other people-Thomas Nagel (1970)- people can have good reason to commit acts that benefit another without the expectation of benefit for oneself and without being motivated by factors such as sympathy. Place our self in others position Share his feelings and emotions as if they were his own. Noble quality
In
certain situations, an individual has to make decisions and act based on the situation he is in.
Fletcher (V. Grassian, 1981): 3 approaches used to resolve problems and make moral decisions:
Fletcher (V. Grassian, 1981): A person who uses the situation approach enters into every decision-making situation fully armed with ethical maxims and he treats them with respect as illuminators of these problem. Just the same he is prepared in any situation to compromise them or set them aside in the situation if love seems better served by doing so.
Ethical
maxims
- ethical rules or principles used to deal with problems based on specific situations.
Conclusion
A
person can make a decision and take moral action to resolve a moral problem by considering the situation that causes the problem with basic moral principles and values that he has in him.
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Definition of ethic & dimension Ethical dimensions Moral agent & recipient Relationship between ethical dimensions Case study
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What is ethics???
Ethics has to do with what my feelings tell me is right or wrong Ethics has to do with my religious beliefs Being ethical is doing what the law requires Ethics consists of the standards of behavior our society accepts
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Summary
Ethical Dimensions Moral reasoning Thinking and judging Moral performance Behavior and Action
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Moral feeling
Moral Reasoning
Think and judge rationally and freely
Emotion and feeling Empathetic Sympathetic To have moral emotion, Generous such feelings enable an Loving individual to act morally Compassionate Altruistic Sentimental Energetic
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Moral feeling
Moral performance
To be able to conduct oneself in a manner that is morally correct Responsible Dedicated Caring co-operative
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Judy was a twelve-year-old girl. Her mother promised her that she could go to a special rock concert coming to their town if she saved up from baby-sitting and lunch money to buy a ticket to the concert. She managed to save up the fifteen dollars the ticket cost plus another five dollars. But then her mother changed her mind and told Judy that she had to spend the money on new clothes for school. Judy was disappointed and decided to go to the concert anyway. She bought a ticket and told her mother that she had only been able to save five dollars. That Saturday she went to the performance and told her mother that she was spending the day with a friend. A week passed without her mother finding out. Judy then told her older sister, Louise, that she had gone to the performance and had lied to her mother about it. Louise wonders whether to tell their mother what Judy did.
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Analysish
Duty towards her sister . Duty towards her mum. Reasoning Ethical conduct : not to lie.
Ethical Dimension
Feeling
Performance
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Ethical conflict
We know that different people have different priorities and different ways of dealing with situations that may occur, but in general, human beings have certain characteristics that are very similar even across gender, racial, and socio-economic lines.
Example: 1.People love to be agreed with. 2.People hate to be disagreed with. 3.People like other people who agree with them. 4.People dislike other people who disagree with them.
Ethical Egoism
One ought, morally, always to act so as to maximize one's own (net) good. Alternatively, what makes an action morally right is that it maximizes the good of the agent performing the action. Promote one selfs interest.
General utility
Thinking of the possible outcomes or consequences of the acts.
Duty He is already committed and Sara: A good husband. his wife trusts him. Frank: Happier marrying Sara. Wife: Happier living alone/ marrying someone else.
Social dilemma
What is the right to pursue our own self-interest and at the same time look after the welfare of our community? For instance, if you can avoid paying the fare on a bus ride, that's the "rational" thing to do, insofar as it would leave you better off. You would get the ride and keep the fare. However, if everyone did not pay the fare, the bus system would collapse, so doing the individually rational thing is collectively irrational.
Cause: -Competition-occurs when there is competition over limited resources (material wealth, prestige, natural resources.) -Social Categorization-we learn our social environment by classifying objects into categories. -Inter-group Aggression-the existence of two groups that are different and competition between them may result in conflict.
Arguments
Moral principle
Conclusion
We should not harm anyone Must not harm If I escape, I shall hurt because our action will anyone. social society. dishonor the law of the country. When a person continues to Must fulfill our If I escape, I shall live in a country, he virtually agreement. violate an agreement. agrees to follow the law of that country.
A persons country is like his parent or teacher and that person ought to obey his parents and teacher.
Must obey orders If I escape, I shall and respect disobey my parents parents and and teachers. teachers.
conflict
What is the dilemma? What are alternative actions to resolve conflicts? What are the effects for each alternative action? What results can be obtained from those effects? what are the proofs? Which result is better? what are the criteria's for choice? What is the decision?
Choice of action
effects
results
judgment
Decision on action
Case 1
The Philosophy Department has an open position for a new faculty member, tenure track. There are two applicants for the position to teach Contemporary Moral Issues: 1) Professor Naren, a male, has a Ph. D. from a distinguished university, has a long record of teaching the subject, and has an impressive list of publications. 2) Professor Wendy, a woman, also has a Ph.D. from a distinguished university, is well published, but is earlier in her career and is newer, though not brand new, to the subject. The department has no female members and most of the other members are in their forties or older. Who will you choose?
Conflict
What has actually happened? Is it a conflict? What are the values in conflict? (e.g. between responsibility and justice) List the facts that are present in the conflict. Evaluate each fact. Is it true or false? Find the facts that are relevant to the criteria and choose alternative action. From the facts being evaluated, make a really good and definite decision to resolve the conflict. Test the moral principles present in the decision taken on value and action.
Identification
Fact-Gathering
Fact-Evaluating
Relevance of facts
Decision
Case 2
Jim has the responsibility of filling a position in his firm. His friend Paul has applied and is qualified, but someone else seems even more qualified. Jim wants to give the job to Paul, but he feels guilty. Jim resolves that friendship has a moral importance that permits, and perhaps even requires, partiality in some circumstances. So he gives the job to Paul. Was he right?
COGNITIVE MORAL DEVELOPEMENT Introduced by Lawrence Kohlberg (psychologist). 3 level sequential arrangement with 6 stages:
Level/Stage Preconventional level Stage 1 Explanation Childrens responding to physical consequences. Behave well and respond to the expectation of the society. Fines and obedience to superior power. Effect of a physical action determines what is good and bad. satisfy own needs and sometimes the needs of others. (Justice, sharing )
Stage 2
Level/Stage
Explanation
Conventional Conformist level the child comply to level established practices. Adapt themselves in the family Comply to the group norms and fulfill individual requirement. Stage 3 Good boy- good girl image. Good behaviour / fulfill expectations. Authority, law, social regulation. Performance on duty. Gains respect.
Stage 4
Level/Stage
Explanation
Pots Autonomous moral principles that are conventional legal. level Stage 5 Social contract utilitarian elements. Right action based on public standards. Stage 6 Universal oriented ethical principles. Moral thinking. Right action based on self-commitment towards moral principles.
Case 3
John is married to Mimi. One day, the doctor diagnosed Mimi as having cancer. She only has two months to live. Only one type of expensive medicine can save her life (cost $1000). John went to borrow money but could only get $500. John goes to the pharmacy but the pharmacist is not willing to reduce the price and is also not willing to allow John to pay later. John then decides to break into the pharmacy and steal the medicine. Could Johns action justifiable?
Case 2
Imagine that all your life you have been trying to be a good person, doing your duty as you see it and seeking to do what is good for the sake your fellow citizens. Suppose that many of your fellow citizens dislike you and what you are doing and even regard you as a danger to society, although they cannot really show this to be true. Suppose further that you are indicted, tried, and condemned to death by a jury of your peers, all in a manner which you consider unjust. Imagine further that while you are in prison awaiting execution, your friends arrange an opportunity for you to escape into exile with your family. They say they can afford the necessary bribes and they face no danger from your escaping.
Case 5
Joe is a fourteen-year-old boy who wanted to go to camp very much. His father promised him he could go if he saved up the money for it himself. So Joe worked hard at his paper route and saved up the forty dollars it cost to go to camp, and a little more besides. But just before camp was going to start, his father changed his mind. Some of his friends decided to go on a special fishing trip, and Joe's father was short of the money it would cost. So he told Joe to give him the money he had saved from the paper route. Joe didn't want to give up going to camp, so he thinks of refusing to give his father the money.