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Content

Strategies

Moral agent

Form

Dimensions

Moral Content : Moral rules and Human characteristics Moral forms : Situational and Principles Ethical dimensions : Reasoning, feelings, performance Moral strategies

Many

views about moral concept and moral educational concept are multi- dimensional. - Sugarman. 1973 Teachers and Students; Parents and Children.

Eg:

Society Human Characteristic Moral Forms Principalistic Ethical Form Situational Ethics Form
Rules

Emment (1966): Human rules do not exist by themselves, but are complied from old and new knowledge and experience in human life. Robert B. Ashmore (1987): All matter in the natural world act according to certain rules of laws.
D.

The moral issues experienced first by an individual are customary rules and regulations that form the mores of a society. Customary morality Reflective morality

Standard/ Cannot

rules of our ancestors.

be disobey or challenged.

Conduct

oneself within the boundaries of customary morality.

Reasoning To

and considering of the individual.

be familiar with the reasoning observe or oppose the customary rule formation of specific criteria to judge the way to act.

If we cant follow certain rules, we must find another way to settle the matter by forming a new rule which is acceptable to everyone. Aims of rules of a society - Preserving peace and in ensuring harmony are of equal importance.

Virtuous

character should be the main moral content in the shaping of an individual. B. Brant (1979) : many societies have a system of control over human behavior that is different from what is fixed by the law (moral code/ ethical code) are in total 6 qualities to possesses an ethical

Richard

There

code :

Intrinsic motivation eeling of guilt and disapproval

Do something in a certain way An individual can be reluctant to hurt someone and willing to help save someone in danger.

Own action contrary with own intrinsic Uncomfortable, sinful. Others opposed to individuals intrinsic angry, digusted.

Perceived or believed importance about an action (rendering first aid)

The feeling of admiration and esteem for someone who has done something extraordinary in the moral sense (sacrificing).

No special linguistic terms to explain an action. By knowing special terminology for motivation and moral action, a person can understand and appreciate the complex moral concept.

Must have justification for motivation, sinful, attitude (religion)

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Introduction

In todays world, there are many countries with various nationalities, races, and ethnic groups. Issues of morality is one of the biggest problem in each of the society. To solve a moral dilemma: Use your intelligence Refer to social rules Consider the moral principles that we use consistently.

" Increasing numbers of people across the ideological spectrum believe that our society is in deep moral trouble. The disheartening signs are everywhere: the breakdown of the family; the deterioration of civility in everyday life; rampant greed at a time when one in five children is poor; an omnipresent sexual culture that fills our television and movie screens with sleaze, beckoning the young toward sexual activity at ever earlier ages; the enormous betrayal of children through sexual abuse; and the 1992 report of the National Research Council that says the United States is now the most violent of all industrialized nations. . . . " --- Thomas Lickona, The Return of Character Education (1993)

MOR L FORMS

PRINCIPALISTIC ETHICAL FORM

SITU TIONAL ETHICS FORM

JUSTICE PRINCIPLE

ALTRUISTIC PRINCIPLE

Concept of justice All actions and conduct of a person who are fair to himself and others Just behavior; a concern for genuine respect and treatment, which is to be regarded as fair and equal. Instrument to protect the interest of the society: Actual human rights Autonomy of individual Rational action, behaviour and conduct.

Reference in making moral decisions Action which please of benefits other people-Thomas Nagel (1970)- people can have good reason to commit acts that benefit another without the expectation of benefit for oneself and without being motivated by factors such as sympathy. Place our self in others position Share his feelings and emotions as if they were his own. Noble quality

In

certain situations, an individual has to make decisions and act based on the situation he is in.

Fletcher (V. Grassian, 1981): 3 approaches used to resolve problems and make moral decisions:

- legalism - antinomianism - situationism

Fletcher (V. Grassian, 1981): A person who uses the situation approach enters into every decision-making situation fully armed with ethical maxims and he treats them with respect as illuminators of these problem. Just the same he is prepared in any situation to compromise them or set them aside in the situation if love seems better served by doing so.

Ethical

maxims

- ethical rules or principles used to deal with problems based on specific situations.

Conclusion
A

person can make a decision and take moral action to resolve a moral problem by considering the situation that causes the problem with basic moral principles and values that he has in him.

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Definition of ethic & dimension Ethical dimensions Moral agent & recipient Relationship between ethical dimensions Case study
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What is ethics???
Ethics has to do with what my feelings tell me is right or wrong Ethics has to do with my religious beliefs Being ethical is doing what the law requires Ethics consists of the standards of behavior our society accepts
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Ethics refer tod


well based standards of right and wrong the study and development of one's ethical standards

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Ethical norm learn from where???

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Summary
Ethical Dimensions Moral reasoning Thinking and judging Moral performance Behavior and Action
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Moral feeling

Emotion and feeling

Moral Reasoning
Think and judge rationally and freely

Rational Free Normative Accurate

Sharp Creative Innovative Critical


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Emotion and feeling Empathetic Sympathetic To have moral emotion, Generous such feelings enable an Loving individual to act morally Compassionate Altruistic Sentimental Energetic
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Moral feeling

Moral performance
To be able to conduct oneself in a manner that is morally correct Responsible Dedicated Caring co-operative
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Moral Agent an Moral Recipient


Ashmore (1987):
ONLY human can be moral agents and moral recipients.
People have rational reasoning, free- feeling and emotion which can influence their behavior and action.
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Relationship between Ethical Dimensions


Kupperman (1983)
Reasoning, action and feeling allows an individual exercise his caution, ensure whatever he does is according to the normative dictates of his place. A person act after rational and free reasoning, his action will be influenced by his emotions and feeling at the same time, so that it will be moral. Moral person= Autonomous, rational, and free in his reasoning, feeling and actions
your name

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Judy was a twelve-year-old girl. Her mother promised her that she could go to a special rock concert coming to their town if she saved up from baby-sitting and lunch money to buy a ticket to the concert. She managed to save up the fifteen dollars the ticket cost plus another five dollars. But then her mother changed her mind and told Judy that she had to spend the money on new clothes for school. Judy was disappointed and decided to go to the concert anyway. She bought a ticket and told her mother that she had only been able to save five dollars. That Saturday she went to the performance and told her mother that she was spending the day with a friend. A week passed without her mother finding out. Judy then told her older sister, Louise, that she had gone to the performance and had lied to her mother about it. Louise wonders whether to tell their mother what Judy did.

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Analysish
Duty towards her sister . Duty towards her mum. Reasoning Ethical conduct : not to lie.

Ethical Dimension

Feeling

Feeling of guilt. Care Love

Performance

Inform her mum. Ask for forgiveness. Advise her sister.

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SOLVING MORAL CONFLICT.


Definition Reason Types Strategies : Value analysis. Cognitive moral development, Hierarchy building, Dissolution, Compromise

Ethical conflict
We know that different people have different priorities and different ways of dealing with situations that may occur, but in general, human beings have certain characteristics that are very similar even across gender, racial, and socio-economic lines.

Example: 1.People love to be agreed with. 2.People hate to be disagreed with. 3.People like other people who agree with them. 4.People dislike other people who disagree with them.

Ethical Egoism
One ought, morally, always to act so as to maximize one's own (net) good. Alternatively, what makes an action morally right is that it maximizes the good of the agent performing the action. Promote one selfs interest.

General utility
Thinking of the possible outcomes or consequences of the acts.

a.Egoism and general utility:


Egoism Life would be delightful. Good father. Enough money. General Utility Make the wife hard and bitter. Consequence that a divorce would bring to the childrens (utilitarian)

b. Happiness and duty:


Happiness

Duty He is already committed and Sara: A good husband. his wife trusts him. Frank: Happier marrying Sara. Wife: Happier living alone/ marrying someone else.

Reasons for conflict

Social dilemma
What is the right to pursue our own self-interest and at the same time look after the welfare of our community? For instance, if you can avoid paying the fare on a bus ride, that's the "rational" thing to do, insofar as it would leave you better off. You would get the ride and keep the fare. However, if everyone did not pay the fare, the bus system would collapse, so doing the individually rational thing is collectively irrational.

Conflict between groups


Examples: -Two groups in a city fight each other using dangerous weapons to chase the other from a public park. -Students in a university complain to the lecturer. On the other hand, the faculty believes that the students are not motivated.

Cause: -Competition-occurs when there is competition over limited resources (material wealth, prestige, natural resources.) -Social Categorization-we learn our social environment by classifying objects into categories. -Inter-group Aggression-the existence of two groups that are different and competition between them may result in conflict.

Examples of conflict and model of resolution

Socrates Ethical Thinking Conflict


Should examine the question and follow the best reasoning. Need to find the answer that ourselves feel is right and must also think for ourselves. Do things that are morally right.

Arguments

Moral principle

Conclusion

We should not harm anyone Must not harm If I escape, I shall hurt because our action will anyone. social society. dishonor the law of the country. When a person continues to Must fulfill our If I escape, I shall live in a country, he virtually agreement. violate an agreement. agrees to follow the law of that country.

A persons country is like his parent or teacher and that person ought to obey his parents and teacher.

Must obey orders If I escape, I shall and respect disobey my parents parents and and teachers. teachers.

Strategies in resolving conflicts

A. VALUE ANALYSIS STRATEGY


Introduced by J.R.Fraenkel (1977) and Coomb (1980). Both deal with conflicts analytical by identifying beforehand the value elements and facts.

conflict

What is the dilemma? What are alternative actions to resolve conflicts? What are the effects for each alternative action? What results can be obtained from those effects? what are the proofs? Which result is better? what are the criteria's for choice? What is the decision?

Choice of action

effects

results

judgment

Decision on action

Case 1
The Philosophy Department has an open position for a new faculty member, tenure track. There are two applicants for the position to teach Contemporary Moral Issues: 1) Professor Naren, a male, has a Ph. D. from a distinguished university, has a long record of teaching the subject, and has an impressive list of publications. 2) Professor Wendy, a woman, also has a Ph.D. from a distinguished university, is well published, but is earlier in her career and is newer, though not brand new, to the subject. The department has no female members and most of the other members are in their forties or older. Who will you choose?

Conflict

What has actually happened? Is it a conflict? What are the values in conflict? (e.g. between responsibility and justice) List the facts that are present in the conflict. Evaluate each fact. Is it true or false? Find the facts that are relevant to the criteria and choose alternative action. From the facts being evaluated, make a really good and definite decision to resolve the conflict. Test the moral principles present in the decision taken on value and action.

Identification

Fact-Gathering

Fact-Evaluating

Relevance of facts

Decision

Test moral principle

Case 2
Jim has the responsibility of filling a position in his firm. His friend Paul has applied and is qualified, but someone else seems even more qualified. Jim wants to give the job to Paul, but he feels guilty. Jim resolves that friendship has a moral importance that permits, and perhaps even requires, partiality in some circumstances. So he gives the job to Paul. Was he right?

COGNITIVE MORAL DEVELOPEMENT Introduced by Lawrence Kohlberg (psychologist). 3 level sequential arrangement with 6 stages:
Level/Stage Preconventional level Stage 1 Explanation Childrens responding to physical consequences. Behave well and respond to the expectation of the society. Fines and obedience to superior power. Effect of a physical action determines what is good and bad. satisfy own needs and sometimes the needs of others. (Justice, sharing )

Stage 2

Level/Stage

Explanation

Conventional  Conformist level the child comply to level established practices.  Adapt themselves in the family  Comply to the group norms and fulfill individual requirement. Stage 3  Good boy- good girl image.  Good behaviour / fulfill expectations.  Authority, law, social regulation.  Performance on duty.  Gains respect.

Stage 4

Level/Stage

Explanation

Pots Autonomous moral principles that are conventional legal. level Stage 5  Social contract utilitarian elements.  Right action based on public standards. Stage 6  Universal oriented ethical principles.  Moral thinking.  Right action based on self-commitment towards moral principles.

Case 3
John is married to Mimi. One day, the doctor diagnosed Mimi as having cancer. She only has two months to live. Only one type of expensive medicine can save her life (cost $1000). John went to borrow money but could only get $500. John goes to the pharmacy but the pharmacist is not willing to reduce the price and is also not willing to allow John to pay later. John then decides to break into the pharmacy and steal the medicine. Could Johns action justifiable?

Motive given for moral action:


1. Obey rules to avoid punishment. 2. Comply to receive reward, benefit 3. Comply to avoid disapproval, displeasure from others. 4. Comply to avoid trouble with the authorities. 5. Comply to maintain respect of neutral observers who may judge the community. 6. Comply to avoid being morally condemned.

STRATEGY OF HIERARCHY BUILDING


Justice is more important than social stability. Two or more values cannot be achieved together. We have to formulate our ranking with an objective criterion acceptable to all parties to build hierarchy to resolving conflicts. If a social action contains more desire value, it can be better (violinist). Actions or policies which contain all the best values of another plus additional values are placed higher in the hierarchy. If the concept of a fundamental value is not realized, then another less fundamental value cannot be realized. If the less fundamental value is not realized, the more fundamental value can still be realized.

THE STRATEGY OF DISSOLUTION


When the choice/ choices is undesirable, being able to choose an alternative (third alternative) will be attractive. More resources and technological facilities creates alternative easily. The more flexible the person is in choosing different means to accomplish his goals, the better the strategy of dissolution that can be carried out. The strategy of dissolution has limitation cannot be used to deal effectively in some cases ( We have no power) There are also conflicts which are unavoidable because unwise promises or commitments have been made.

THE STRATEGY OF COMPROMISE


Compromise is used as a last resort to solve problems after considering :
1.Everyone should be given something or that each of the value should be stated in some degree. 2.No rational hierarchy is available either of the values that are in conflict, or of persons whose interest must take priority. 3.The tensions between the values cannot be dissolved.

Case 2
Imagine that all your life you have been trying to be a good person, doing your duty as you see it and seeking to do what is good for the sake your fellow citizens. Suppose that many of your fellow citizens dislike you and what you are doing and even regard you as a danger to society, although they cannot really show this to be true. Suppose further that you are indicted, tried, and condemned to death by a jury of your peers, all in a manner which you consider unjust. Imagine further that while you are in prison awaiting execution, your friends arrange an opportunity for you to escape into exile with your family. They say they can afford the necessary bribes and they face no danger from your escaping.

Case 5
Joe is a fourteen-year-old boy who wanted to go to camp very much. His father promised him he could go if he saved up the money for it himself. So Joe worked hard at his paper route and saved up the forty dollars it cost to go to camp, and a little more besides. But just before camp was going to start, his father changed his mind. Some of his friends decided to go on a special fishing trip, and Joe's father was short of the money it would cost. So he told Joe to give him the money he had saved from the paper route. Joe didn't want to give up going to camp, so he thinks of refusing to give his father the money.

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