Correlations for Convective Heat Transfer

The method we have developed for calculating heat transfer

due to convection assumes that we can determine values for
the convective heat transfer coefficients, h.
Correlations for these coefficients can be developed by
using dimensional analysis to determine the dimensionless
groups, and then to evaluate experimental data to get the
final equations.
The problem with this approach is that the equations
developed are only applicable for a narrow range of
conditions. This includes laminar and turbulent flow and
geometry.
Questions about Convective Heat Transfer
Typical questions that a chemical engineer might be confronted with
involving convective heat transfer:
1. If a fluid flows through a pipe and the pipe is at a fixed
temperature, what is the total heat transfer and what is the exit
temperature of the fluid?
2. If wish to heat or cool a fluid. How long must a pipe be to achieve
this?
3. If a fluid flows past a flat plate, what is the heat transfer?
4. If a fluid flows past a sphere, what is the heat transfer?
5. If a fluid flows past a bank of tubes what is the heat transfer?
6. What are the heat losses from a surface due to natural
convection?
7. What is the heat transfer due to boiling or condensing liquids?
Correlations for Convective Heat Transfer - Laminar
Laminar flow in a pipe: Heat transfer is largely by conduction as
there are no turbulent eddies to carry away heat.
L
D
is the average heat transfer coefficient along the pipe length
is the diameter of the pipe
is the themal conductivity of the fluid
is
a
h
D
k
m&
b
the mass flow rate of the fluid
is the heat capacity of the fluid
is the length of the pipe
is the fluid viscosity at the average bulk fluid temperature

P
C
L

w
is the fluid viscosity at the wall temperature
m&
Re
2100 N
Heating or
cooling
q
w
T
1
T
2
T
Correlations for Convective Heat Transfer - Laminar
For constant heat lux, ith ully developed laminar lo ,
4.36 constant alone pipe
I the sur ace temperature is constant, then,
3.66 constant along pipe
Nu
Nu w
N q
N T
= =
= =
Correlations for Convective Heat Transfer - Laminar
)
0.14
1/ 3
e Pr
The average heat trans er coe icient or laminar lo in a pipe is
given by the Sieder - Tate equation:
1.86
Assumptions:
1. Constant sur ace temperature

a b
Nu
a
w
h
N N N
k L
Q
Q


= =


' '
' '
Pr
b
2. 0.48 < 16, 700
3. 0.0044 < 9.75
w
N
Q
Q

' '
Correlations for Convective Heat Transfer - Laminar
) )
Re r
0.14 0.14
1/ 3
1/ 3
Re
But so this can be simplified to:
1.86 1.86
This equation applies for the conditions:
2100, 100 although it can be used
Gz
a b b P
Nu Gz
a
w w
Gz
D
N N N
h D mC
N N
k k
N N




! ! !


' '
' ' ' '
>
&
1 2
down to 10
If the fluid is a gas, then 1.0
ll properties of the fluid evaluated at average temperature,
2
Gz
b
w
N
T T
T

!

p

' '
+
!
Correlations for Convective Heat Transfer - Laminar
) )
1 2
AVE
In this case the heat trans er is given by:

here is the arithmetic mean temperature.

2
I the tube is very long and the luid's exit temperature approaches
a a
a
w w
a w
q h A T
T
T T T T
T T T
= A
A

A = =
the all temperature, then part o the heating sur ace is asted.
For this case e can use:
2
10
a
Gr Gr
h
N N
k T
=
Correlations for Convective Heat Transfer - Laminar
If the wall temperature is not known, then the solution is
by trial and error. If the pipe is thin and has a high
thermal conductivity (copper, steel), and the pipe is
heated by condensing steam, then a good approximation
(or first guess) is to use the temperature of the steam as
the wall temperature. The heat transfer coefficient for
condensing steam is very high ( about 10,000 W/m**2-K).
If the outlet temperature is not known, and the properties
of the fluid are highly temperature dependent, then the
solution is by trial and error. The outlet temperature will
always be constrained by the inlet and wall temperatures.
If both the wall and exit temperatures are unknown,
calculate an overall heat coefficient based on a guessed
wall temperature. Then calculate outlet temperature and
a new wall temperature. Trial and error.
Correlations for Convective Heat Transfer - Turbulent
Re r
0.14
0.8 1/ 3
Re r
Re r
pplicable for 6000, 0.7 16, 000, / 60 and 1 cp
0.027
ll properties are evaluated at the average fluid temperature.
pplicable for 10, 000 ; 0.7 16
b L
Nu
w
N N L D
h D
N N N
k
N N

> > >

! !

' '

0.8
Re r
Re r
, 700; / 10
If 1 cp (gases and some liquids) then a simpler equation derived by
Dittus and Boelter can be used:
0.023
pplicable for 10, 000; 0.7 160; / 10
where 0.4 fo
n L
Nu
L D
h D
N N N
k
N N L D
n

>

! !
> >
! r fluids being heated
0.3 for fluids being cooled n !
Correlations for Convective Heat Transfer - Turbulent
For these equations the heat trans er is given by,
here is the log mean temperature di erence.
LM
LM
q UA T
T
= A
A
q
constant
w
T !
2
T
1
T
) )
1 2
1
2
ln
W W
LM
W
W
T T T T
T
T T
T T

( !

' '
If wall temperature changes
then replace wall temperatures
with values at points 1 and 2.
Special Cases for Convective Heat Transfer - Turbulent
0.8 0.8
0.2 0.2
o
0.8
0.2
0.8
0.2
Air at 1 atm:
3.52 0.5
(SI) (English)
Water bet een 4 and 105 (40 220 ) :
1429(1 0.0146 ( )) (SI)
150(1 0.011 ( )) (English)
A rough
L L
o
o
L
o
L
v v
h h
F
v
h T C
D
v
h T F
D
= =

=
=
0.8
0.2
0.8
0.2
2
2 2 o
approximation or organic liquids is:
423 (SI)
60 (English)
SI: - W/m -K, - m/s, - m
English: - TU/hr t F, - t/s, - inches
L
L
v
h
D
v
h
D
h v D
h v D
=
=
Corrections for Pipe Entrances - Turbulent
0.7
I / 60 then use the ollo ing corrections:
1 2 20
1 6 20 60
L
L
L D
h D L
h L D
h D L
h L D

=

' '

=

' '
Correlations for Convective Heat Transfer - Transition
Figure 12.3 in textbook. Transition zone is completed just by manually
plotting lines between the laminar and turbulent equations, with L/D as
a parameter. Most practical systems are designed not to operate in the
transition zone.
Example Problem
Water flows thru a 5-m long 25-mm Sch. 40 pipe at 11 L/min. If the
water enters at 10 deg. C and the wall temperature is at 80 deg. C,
what is the exit temperature of the water?
q
o
80
w
T C !
2
? T !
10
o
C
Inside diameter of pipe = 0.02664 m
Solution is by trial and error:
1. Guess
2. Determine properties at average temp.
3. Determine if it is laminar or turbulent.
4. Determine heat transfer coefficient.
5. Calculate outlet temperature from:
)
2 1 LM or P L i
mC T T h T ! ( &
2
T
a or
h
Example Problem
2
3 -4
Guess 75 .
10 75
Then 42.5
2
Then from tables in the text, at the average temp.
=991 kg/m =0.632 cp=6.32 10 kg/m-s 4.180 kJ/kg
t the wall temperature, 1.3077 cp =
o
o o
o
ave
P
w
T C
C C
T C
C V

!
+
! !
v !
!
) ) )
) ) )
-3
2
4 2
3
4 2
3 4 2
Re
1.31 10 kg/m-s
We need to determine if this is laminar or turbulent.
4
5.57 10 m
4
11 L/min 1 m /1000 L 1 min/60 sec
0.329 m/s
5.57 10 m
991 kg/m 0.329 m/s 5.57 10 m 0.182 kg/s
4
D
v
m v
m
N
D
V
T

v
! ! v
! !
v
! ! v !
!
&
& )
) )
4
-4
4 0.182 kg/s
1.37 10
3.14 0.02664 m 6.32 10 kg/m-s
turbulent ! ! v
v
Example Problem
) )
0.8
0.2
2 2
For water, from a previous slide,
1429(1 0.0146 ( ))
For 0.329 m/s and 0.02664 m
1965 W/m =1.965 kW/m
80 10 80 75
65
24.6
80 10 70
ln ln
80 75 5
The inside area of the pi
o
L
L
LM
v
h T C
D
v D
h
T
! +
! !
!

( ! ! !

' ' ' '

2
pe is given by:
(3.14)(0.02664 m)(5 m)=0.418 m
i
A DL T ! !
2 2
o
2
From an energy balance on the liquid:
(0.182 kg/s)(4.180 kJ/kg- ) (1.965 kW/m - )(0.418 m )(24.6 )
26.5
10 26.5 36.5
Guess an outlet temperature of 40 deg . , and repeat until c
P L i LM
mC T h A T
T
T
T
( ! (
( !
( !
! + !
&
onverged.
Example Problem
For this example problem the wall temperature was provided. If the
wall temperature is not known, then a heat transfer calculation
involving convective and conductive heat transfer thru the wall of the
pipe must also be done. In this case you determine an overall inside
heat transfer coefficient, U, for the pipe.
See example 4.5-2 on page 241 in the textbook.