Lect 4 Beam Optics 9-1-2011

M.
Gupta, ECE 6501 (Photonics) Fall 2011

Last Lecture:
Wave Equation
Interference

Todays Lecture
diffraction
Beam Optics
M. Gupta, ECE 6501 (Photonics) Fall 2011
Diffraction
When light passes through aperture, it spreads out, its
intensity distribution changes due to diffraction.
aperture
Int. profile
For rectangular aperture of height D
x
and width D
y
I (x,y) = I
o
sinc
2
d
x
x
D
d x
y Dy

sinc
2
First zero occurs at x = + d/D
x
; y = + d/D
y

Gratings
Gratings are multiple slits
Grating equation
Gratings are used for wavelength separation
beam splitter
beam reflector
reflection
( ) u u m d
i d
= sin sin
Diffraction
2-D Micromachined Periodical Structure

Diffraction Pattern of 2-D Micromachined Sample
Butterfly Image
SPONSOR: ALCOA Corp. & CIT
d
m
Sin Sin
d i

u u = +
( ) u
2
1
- m or cos 2 m d n
f f
=
SEM Micrograph
SEM Micrograph
TEM Image of Crossection
Multilayer thin-film interference
Paraxial Waves
Waves with wavefront normals making small angles with
the z axis are called paraxial waves. Important solution
of paraxial Helmholtz equation is Gaussian beam
Gaussian Beam
Helmholtz Equation
Solution (1) Plane wave

(2) Spherical wave

(3) Paraxial wave

( ) ( ) , 0
2 2
= + V r U k r U
( )
jkz
Ae r U

=
( )
jkr
e
r
A
r U

=
( ) ( )
jkz
e r A r U

=
k=2/c
(Gaussian Beam Parameters)

( )
2 / 1
2
0
0
1
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
z
z
W z W
( )
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
2
0
1
z
z
z z R
( )
0
1
tan
z
z
z

= ,
2 / 1
0
0
|
.
|
\
|
=
t
z
W
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
(
+
(

= ) (
2
exp exp
2
2
2
0
0
z j
z R
jk
jkz
z W z W
W
A r U ,

(Complex Amplitude of
Gaussian Beam )
W
0
is waist radius, 2W
0
is spot
size
Z
0
is Rayleigh length and

2
= x
2
+y
2

Gaussian Beam Properties
I. Intensity
( ) ( )
2
r U r I =
as a function of axial (z)
and radial distance()
( )
( ) ( )
(
=
z W z W
W
I z I
2
2
2
0
0
2
exp ,

, 0 =
( )
( )
2
0
0
2
0
0
1
, 0
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
(
=
z
z
I
z W
W
I z I
at
0
5 . 0 I I =
at
0
z z =
86% Power in
) (
2 2 2
y x + =
II. Power
Power contained in circle of radius
0

( ) ( )
}
= =
0
2
0 0

2
1
2 , W I d z I P t t
( )
( )
}
(
(
=
0
0
2
2
0
2
exp 1 2 ,
1

t
z W
d z I
P
( ) z W =
0
Power contained within a circle of radius

Is about 86% of total power
Beam power = Peak intensity. Area
Beam Radius
Dependence of beam radius on z
( )
2 / 1
2
0
0
1
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
z
z
W z W
minimum value
0
W
in plane
0 = z
0
2W
spot size
,
0
z z =
at
( )
0
2W z W =
( ) z z
z
W
z W
0
0
0
u = =
0
z z >>
for
0
0
W t
u =
t
2
0
0
2
2
W
z =
depth of focus
exercise 31-1
Beam
waist
Light is an Electromagnetic wave and propagates
In the form coupled electric field wave and magnetic
Field wave. EM field is described by electric field
and magnetic field
I. Maxwells equations in free space
Electric and magnetic fields in free space satisfy
Maxwells equations:

Where and are electric permittivity and
permeability of free space
= conductivity

Electromagnetic Optics
( ) t r,
( ) t r, H
0
c
0
o
(constants).

Maxwells Equations in free space
t
H
c
c
= V
0
x
0 = V
0 = V H
t
x
c
c
= V

c
0
H
Wave Equation
from vector algebra
so,
wave equation
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
V = V V
t
x x x
H
0

( )
2
0 V V V = V V x x
( ) H x
t
V
c
c
= V
0
2

2
2
0 0 0 0
2
t t t c
c
+ =
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
+ = V

c
c
2
2
2
2
1
t C c
c
= V


Wave Equation (cont)
1. Each component of satisfied above

2. Principle of superposition applies i.e. if two sets
of are solutions then their sum is also a
solution


Maxwells equation in a medium
t
x
D
H
t
x
B
0 = V D
0 = V B
(Amperes)
(Faraday)
(Coulombs)
(Gausss)
in a medium
( ) t r, D
( ) t r, B
- electric flux density
- magnetic flux
density
Maxwells equation in a medium (cont)
P + = c
0
D
M
0 0
+ = H B
In free space
0 = P
0 = M
H B
0
=
c
0
= D
-Polarization density (sum
of electric dipole moments)
-magnetization density
and
and can obtain free space easy
Intensity
where P is Poynting vector
Power flow is along the direction of P i.e. orthogonal
to both and . The optical intensity is the
Magnitude of the time-averaged P.
Boundary conditions
(1) Tangential components of fields and
must be continuous at interface
(2) Normal components of and must
be continuous

H = P
H
D
B
Medium
(1) Linear if P is linearly related to
(2) Isotropic medium looks same in all directions
relationship between P and is in independent
of direction
(3) Homogenous relationship between P and is
independent of position
(4) Nondispersive if its response is instantaneous i.e.
P at t is determined by at t
So, form of Maxwells equation will depend upon the
type of medium.



Lect 4 Beam Optics 9-1-2011

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M.

Gupta, ECE 6501 (Photonics) Fall 2011

Power contained within a circle of radius

M. Gupta, ECE 6501 (Photonics) Fall 2011

M. Gupta, ECE 6501 (Photonics) Fall 2011

M. Gupta, ECE 6501 (Photonics) Fall 2011

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