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Chapter

4
Computer Software

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Learning Objectives 1. Describe several important trends occurring in computer software. 2. Give examples of several major types of application and system software. 3. Explain the purpose of several popular software packages for end user productivity and collaborative computing.
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Learning Objectives 4. Outline the functions of an operating system. 5. Describe the main uses of computer programming software, tools, and languages.

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What is Software? Definition: Various kinds of programs used to operate computers and related devices

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Types of Software

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Types of Software Application Software - performs information processing tasks for end users System Software manages and supports operations of computer systems and networks

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Application Software General-Purpose programs that perform common information processing jobs for end users

Application-Specific support specific applications of end users in business and other fields

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How is Software Developed? Custom Software software applications that are developed within an organization for use by that organization

Commercial Off-the-shelf (COTS) Software software that is developed by a software developer with the intention of selling the software in multiple copies

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General-Purpose Application Software Software Suites Web Browsers Electronic Mail Word Processing Spreadsheets Database Managers Presentation Graphics Personal Information Managers Groupware
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Software Suites

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Integrated Packages Definition: Combine some of the functions of several programs into one software package

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Graphical User Interface (GUI) Definition: Icons, tool and status bars, menus, and so on, which gives an application its look and feel

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Web Browser Definition: Software interface used to point and click through the hyperlinked resources of the Internet

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Web Browser

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Electronic Mail & Instant Messaging Electronic Mail software used to send and receive electronic messages and file attachments via the Internet, intranets or extranets Instant Messaging (IM) software used to send and receive electronic messages instantly to facilitate real time communication and collaboration
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E-mail

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Word Processing & Desktop Publishing Word Processing software that supports the creation, editing, revision and printing of documents

Desktop Publishing (DTP) software that supports the production of materials that look professionally published

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Word Processing

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Electronic Spreadsheets Definition: Software that supports the development of electronic worksheets consisting of rows and columns used for business analysis, planning and modeling

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Spreadsheets

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Presentation Graphics Definition: Software that helps convert numeric data into graphics displays and prepare multimedia presentations including graphics, photos, animation, and video clips

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Presentation Software

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Graphics Software

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Video Software

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Personal Information Manager (PIM) Definition: Software for end user productivity and collaboration

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Groupware Definition: Software that helps workgroups and teams work together to accomplish group assignments

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Software Alternatives Purchase Commercial Off-The-Shelf software Application Service Providers companies that own, operate, and maintain application software and the computer system resources required to offer the use of the application software for a fee as a service over the Internet
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Software Licensing Purchasing the right to use specific software under the terms of the software licensing agreement

Protects the vendors intellectual property right

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System Software
System Management Programs programs that manage the hardware, software, network, and data resources of computer systems during the execution of various information processing jobs of end users System Development Programs programs that help users develop information system programs and procedures and prepare user programs for computer processing

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Operating System Definition: An integrated system of programs that manages the operations of the CPU, controls the input/output and storage resources and activities of the computer system, and provides various support services as the computer executes the application programs of users

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Operating System Functions

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User Interface Definition: The part of the operating system that allows you to communicate with it so you can load programs, access files, and accomplish other tasks

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Types of User Interfaces Command-Driven Menu-Driven

Graphical User Interfaces

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Resource Management Definition: Programs to manage the hardware and networking resources of a computer system, including its CPU, memory, secondary storage devices, telecommunications processors, and input/output peripherals

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File Management Definition: Programs that control the creation, deletion, and access of files of data and programs as well as keeping track of the physical location of files on magnetic disks and other secondary storage devices

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Task Management Definition: Programs that control which task gets access to the CPU and for how much time

Multitasking approach that allows for several computing tasks to be performed in a seemingly simultaneous fashion

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Popular Operating Systems Microsoft Windows UNIX

Linux Mac OS X

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Other System Management Programs Performance Monitors programs that monitor and adjust the performance and usage of one or more computer systems to keep them running efficiently Security Monitors programs that monitor and control the use of computer systems and provide warning messages and record evidence of unauthorized use of computer resources
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Application Servers Definition: Software which provides an interface between an operating system and application programs of users Middleware software that helps diverse software applications and networked computer systems exchange data and work together more efficiently
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Programming Language

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Programming Languages

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Machine Languages All program instructions had to be written using binary codes unique to each computer

Programmers had to have a detailed knowledge of the internal operations of the specific type of CPU

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Assembler Languages Alphabetic abbreviations and symbols are used to represent operation codes and storage locations

Language translator programs are required to convert the instructions into machine instructions

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High-Level Languages Instructions that use brief statements or arithmetic expressions Each statement generates several machine instructions when translated by compilers or interpreters

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Fourth-Generation Languages Nonprocedural programmers specify results while computer determines the sequence of instructions that will accomplish those results Natural Language very close to human language

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Object-Oriented Languages
Ties together data element and the procedures or actions that will be performed upon them

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Web Languages
HTML a page description language that creates hypertext or hypermedia documents XML describes the contents of Web pages by applying identifying tags or contextual labels to the data in Web documents Java an object-oriented programming language that is simple, secure and platform independent
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HTML

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Web Services Definition: Software components that are based on a framework of Web and object-oriented standards and technologies for using the Web to electronically link the applications of different user and different computing platforms

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Web Services

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Language Translator Programs

Assembler translates the symbolic instruction codes of programs written in an assembler language into machine language instructions Compiler translates high-level language statements Interpreter compiler that translates and executes each statement in a program one at a time
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Programming Tools Graphical Programming Interfaces Programming Editors

Debuggers CASE tools

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Case #3: Growth of Linux in Business

Statistics: Linux runs almost 15% of all servers Growing at 23% per year Over 10% of IBM mainframe sales run Linux

Only 1% of PCs use Linux but 30% of chief technologists were considering moving their companies PCs to Linux
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Case #3: Growth of Linux in Business

How did Linux get into the mainstream? Low-cost alternative in sagging economy Intel loosened its relationship with Microsoft IBM made an effort to be Linux-compatible

Fear of Microsoft gaining a stranglehold on corporate customers

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Case #3: Growth of Linux in Business Open Source: Free Stable Easily fixed if bugs appear

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Case #3: Growth of Linux in Business 1. Should businesses continue to switch to the Linux operating system on servers and mainframes? Why or why not?

2. Should business and consumer PC users switch to Linux PC operating systems like Lindows and software suites like Suns Star Office? Why or why not?
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Case #3: Growth of Linux in Business 3. Should the IT departments of companies like Merrill Lynch contribute their software improvements to the opensource community for products like Linux? Explain your reasoning.

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Case #4: Using Java in Business Benefits: Java can run on any hardware or operating systems Easy to modify code as needs expand Networking capabilities reduce the need for remote servers Easy to integrate with middleware and databases

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Case #4: Using Java in Business

1. What are the benefits of Java as a programming language for retail POS applications compared to other programming languages? 2. What are the benefits of Java for the development of e-commerce portals for customers and suppliers like PartsEdge?

3. Why do companies like Marks Work Wearhouse frequently team Java with the Linux operating system?
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Summary Computer software consists of applications software that directs the performance of a particular use of computers to meet the information processing needs of users, and system software that controls and supports the operations of a computer system as it performs various information processing tasks.
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Summary
Application software includes general-purpose and application-specific categories. General-purpose application programs perform common information processing jobs for end users. Application-specific programs accomplish information processing tasks that support specific business functions.
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Summary
System software can be subdivided into system management programs and system development programs. System management programs manage the hardware, software, network, and data resources of a computer system during its execution of information processing jobs.

System development programs help IS specialists develop computer programs to support business processes.
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Summary An operating system is an integrated system of programs that supervises the operation of the CPU, controls the input/output and storage functions of the computer system, and provides various support services.

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Summary Programming languages require the use of a variety of programming packages to help programmers develop computer programs, and language translator programs to convert programming language instructions into machine language instruction codes.

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Chapter

4
End of Chapter

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