Hormones

PROF. DR. V P SONI

School of Biosciences and Bioengineering IIT BOMBAY

What are Hormones?

A hormone is a chemical substance

that is secreted into the internal body fluids by one cell or a group of cells and has a physiological control effect on other cells of the body.

Classification
LOCAL or TROPIC These hormones have a specific local effects. Acetylcholine secreted at the nerve endings Secretin by the duodenal wall which increases watery secretions of the pancreas GENERAL Secreted by specific endocrine glands Transported to all parts of the body and cause different reactions on all cells or specific cells (target tissue) Growth Hormone by anterior pituitary stimulate all cells Renin secreted by kidneys in response to hypotension affect blood vessels

Chemical Composition
Three basic types

Steroid Hormones

Most of them derived from cholesterol

Cortisol, Aldosterone, Testosterone, Progesterone, Estrogen.

Derivatives of amino acid Tyrosine

Thyroxin, Triidothyronine, Epinephrine, Norepinephrine.

Proteins or Peptides
Hormones from anterior pituitary gland, Anti diuretic hormone, Oxytocin, Insulin, Glucagon, Parathormone etc.

Endocrine System
Most of the general hormones are secreted by

the endocrine glands Endocrine glands Duct less glands Functions:

Metabolism and tissue maturation Ion regulation Water balance Immune system regulation Heart rate and blood pressure regulation Control of blood glucose and other nutrients Control of reproductive functions Uterine contractions and milk release

Endocrine Glands

Hypothalamus and Pituitary gland

Hypothalamus and Pituitary gland

The hypothalamus secretes tropic hormones exclusively

into the blood vessels within the hypothalamus. Then travel to anterior pituitary by hypothalamic-hypophysial portal vessels. These tropic hormones are going to affect the anterior pituitary by their releasing or inhibiting effects. Meanwhile, the hypothalamus also produces hormones which are transmitted by nerve signals that terminate in posterior pituitary gland and cause secretion of hormones within the posterior pituitary (Oxytocin, Vasopressin or anti-diuretic hormone)

Hormones secreted by Hypothalamus affecting anterior pituitary

1.

TRH-- Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone This hormone will affect the anterior pituitary which will then affect thyroid gland activity PIH-- Prolactin Release-Inhibiting Hormone Probably there is also present Prolactin Releasing Hormone; These two hormones will affect the secretion of prolactin from the anterior pituitary CRH-- Corticotropin Releasing Hormone This hormone affects ACTH release from the anterior pituitary GnRH-- Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone This hormone will affect the anterior pituitary & cause secretion of gonadotropic hormnes (Lutieinizing hormone, Follicle stimulating hormone) GHRH-- Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone SS or GHIH Somatostatin or Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone These two hormones affect secretion of growth hormone by the anterior pituitary

2.

3.

4.

5. 6.

Pituitary Hormones
Anterior Pituitary

Growth Hormone (GH)

Growth of almost all cells and tissues of body Stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete adrenocortical hormones

Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Stimulates thyroid gland to secrete thyroxin & triiodothyronine

Growth of follicles in ovaries/ promotes formation of sperms in testes

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Leutenizing Hormone (LH)

Promotes secretion of sex hormones and ovulation

Breast development/ secretion of milk

Prolactin

 Posterior Pituitary

Anti Diuretic Hormone or Vasopressin (ADH) Causes kidneys to retain water Deficiency causes Diabetes insipidus Vasoconstriction to blood pressure Oxytocin Uterine contraction during birth process Milk let-down When baby suckles the nipple and areola of the breast of mother sensory impluse are transmitted to hypothalamus and due to reflex action oxytocin and prolactin are released ; Oxytocin causes contraction of myoepithelial cells of mammary glands alveoli expressing milk into the ducts

Thyroid Hormones
Thyroid

Gland

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) controls thyroid secretion by negative feedback mechanism

Thyroxine (T4) & Tri-ido-thyronine (T3)

Iodine is required to form thyroxin; quantity required is 50 mg iodides pre year or 1mg/wk. Common table salt is iodized with 1 part sodium iodide per 100,000 parts of sodium chloride. Functions of thyroid hormone and its effect due to changes in amount of secretion Increase in thyroid hormone level called Hyperthyroidism and decreased levels called hypothyroidism Increase in transcription of large number of genes Increase rate metabolism by increasing mitochondria number & size

Thyroid Hormones

Promote growth & development of brain during fetal life & few years of postnatal life Promotes growth in growing children Increase carbohydrate metabolism Increase fat metabolism, fat stores depleted Decreases quantity of cholesterol, phospholipids & triglycerides in plasma Vitamin need increases due to increased metabolism Body weight decreased and appetite increased Vasodilatation, increasing blood flow in body tissues especially more in skin to eliminate heat, increase cardiac output and heart rate, increase strength of heart, slight increase in blood volume. Increased rate and depth of respiration Increased appetite & secretion of digestive juices and motility of gastrointestinal tract Increase cerebration so hyperthyroid person has extreme nervousness, anxiety complex, extreme worry

Thyroid Hormones
Slight increase in thyroid hormone makes muscle react with vigor but excessive quantities cause muscle weakening and less quantity cause muscle to be sluggish & relax Hyperthyroid person has fine muscle tremors Hyperthyroid person feel constant tiredness & difficulty in sleeping; in contrast hypothyroid person has extreme somnolence. In men lack of thyroid hormone cause loss of libido and on other hand excess amount cause impotence In women lack of thyroid hormone cause menorrhagia & polymenorrhagia (excessive & frequent menstrual bleeding), decreased libido and excess amount cause oligomenorrhea & occasionally amenorrhea In hypothyroidism gland increase in size condition called Goiter Calcitonin Promotes deposition of Calcium in bones and thereby decrease Calcium concentration in ECF

Regulation of Thyroid Hormones (Negative feedback mechanism)

Hypothalamus -ve

Somatostatin -ve

TRH +ve -ve

Anterior pituitary gland

TSH +ve Iodide +ve Thyroid Gland

T3, T4

Parathyroid Hormone

Parathyroid Gland Parathormone

Controls calcium concentration in ECF 1. Absorption of Ca through gut 2. Tubular resorption of Ca by kidneys 3. Release of calcium from bones

Parathyroid & Calcitonin Hormones (Regulation of Calcium)

Islets of Langerhans in the Pancreas

Insulin

Secreted by cells of islets of Langerhans Promotes glucose entry into most cells of the body. Deficiency causes Diabetes mellitus

Glucagon

Secreted by cells Increases the release and synthesis of glucose from the liver into circulating body fluids

Adrenal Gland
Adrenal Cortex Cortisol

Multiple metabolic functions (fats, protein and carbohydrates)

Aldosterone Reduces Sodium excretion by kidneys Increases Potassium excretion

Adrenal Medullae Epinephrine/ Nor epinephrine

Constriction of blood vessels and increase in arterial pressure

Hormones of Reproductive System

Ovaries Estrogen

Stimulate development of female sex organs and secondary sexual characteristics Development of breasts mammary glands plus deposition of fat around it Preparation of uterus for pregnancy Promotes development of secretary apparatus i.e. lobule alveolar system of the breast

Progesterone

Testes Testosterone

Stimulate growth of male sex organs Promotes development of secondary sexual characteristics

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