CMP 101 Set 3 Machine Repre Data

MACHINE LEVEL REPRESENTATION OF DATA
Fundamentals of Computer and programming in C (CMP 101 )
Representing Information in Computers

All the different type of information in computers can be represented using binary codes. Numbers Letters of alphabets and punctuation marks Microprocessor instructions Graphics/Videos Sounds
13-04-2012 http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/shardaf undamental
Bits, Bytes, and Words

A bit is a single binary digit (a 1 or 0). A byte is 8 bits A word is 32 bits or 4 bytes Long word = 8 bytes = 64 bits Quad word = 16 bytes = 128 bits Programming languages use these standard number of bits when organizing data storage and access.
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http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/shardaf undamental
Data Representation Standards

Specified standards for representing data in computer memory. Standard are arbitrary They exist because they are
Convenient Efficient Flexible Appropriate Etc.
Alphanumeric Data
Problem: Distinguishing between the number 123 (one hundred and twenty-three) and the characters 123 (one, two, three) Four standards for representing letters (alpha) and numbers
BCD Binary-coded decimal ASCII American standard code for information interchange EBCDIC Extended binary-coded decimal interchange code Unicode
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Computer Codes
Data types
Numeric
Nonnumeric
Integer
Real
Alphabet A, B, C, ,Z a, b, c,,z
Digits 0,,9
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Special Characters +,-, /, *,~,`,!, @, #,$,%, ^, &, (, ),_ =, <, >, :,;,., [,],{, },
Computer Codes
Any data is internally represented using bits (0 and 1) Computer codes were invented by grouping the bits to represent the data types A group consisting of n bits was called n-bitbyte. The group size is standardized to 8-bits. Now a byte means a group of 8-bits.
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Standard Alphanumeric Formats

BCD ASCII EBCDIC Unicode
Next 2 slides
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Binary-Coded Decimal (BCD)

Four bits per digit
Note: the following bit patterns are not used: 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111
Digit 0 1 2
Bit pattern 0000 0001 0010
3
4 5 6 7
0011
0100 0101 0110 0111
8
9
1000
1001
Example
709310 = ? (in BCD)
7 0 9 3
0111
0000
1001
0011
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Next 22 slides
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The Problem
Representing text strings, such as Hello, world, in a computer
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Codes and Characters

Each character is coded as a byte Most common coding system is ASCII (Pronounced ass-key) ASCII = American National Standard Code for Information Interchange Defined in ANSI document X3.4-1977
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ASCII Features
7-bit code 8th bit is unused (or used for a parity bit) 27 = 128 codes Two general types of codes:
95 are Graphic codes (displayable on a console) 33 are Control codes (control features of the console or communications channel)
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ASCII Chart
0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 000 NULL SOH STX ETX EDT ENQ ACK BEL BS HT LF VT FF CR SO SI 001 DLE DC1 DC2 DC3 DC4 NAK SYN ETB CAN EM SUB ESC FS GS RS US 010 ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , . / 011 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? 100 @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O 101 P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ 110 ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o 111 p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~ DEL
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000 001 0000 NULL DLE 0001 SOH DC1 0010 STX DC2 0011 ETX DC3 0100 EDT DC4 0101 ENQ NAK 0110 ACK SYN 0111 BEL ETB 1000 BS CAN 1001 HT EM 1010 LF SUB 1011 VT Least significantESC bit 1100 FF FS 1101 CR GS 1110 SO RS 1111 SI US
011 0 ! 1 " 2 # 3 Most significant bit $ 4 % 5 & 6 ' 7 ( 8 ) 9 * : + ; , < = . > / ?
010
100 @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O
101 P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _
110 ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o
111 p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~ DEL
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e.g., a = 1100001
0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111
000 NULL SOH STX ETX EDT ENQ ACK BEL BS HT LF VT FF CR SO SI
001 DLE DC1 DC2 DC3 DC4 NAK SYN ETB CAN EM SUB ESC FS GS RS US
010 ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , . /
011 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ?
101 P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _
111 p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~ DEL
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95 Graphic codes
0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111
010 ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , . /
011 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ?
101 P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _
111 p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~ DEL
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33 Control codes
0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111
010 ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , . /
011 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ?
101 P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _
111 p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~ DEL
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Alphabetic codes
0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111
010 ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , . /
011 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ?
101 P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _
111 p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~ DEL
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Numeric codes
0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111
010 ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , . /
011 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ?
101 P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _
111 p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~ DEL
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Punctuation, etc.
0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111
010 ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , . /
011 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ?
101 P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _
111 p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~ DEL
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Hello, world Example

Binary 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00101100 00100000 01110111 01100111 01110010 01101100 01100100 Hexadecimal 48 65 6C 6C 6F 2C 20 77 67 72 6C 64 Decimal 72 101 108 108 111 44 32 119 103 114 108 100
H e l l o , w o r l d
= = = = = = = = = = = =
= = = = = = = = = = = =
= = = = = = = = = = = =
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Common Control Codes

CR LF HT DEL NULL 0D 0A 09 7F 00 carriage return line feed horizontal tab delete null
Hexadecimal code
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0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111
010 ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , . /
011 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ?
101 P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _
111 p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~ DEL
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Terminology
Learn the names of the special symbols
[] {} () @ & ~ brackets braces parentheses commercial at sign ampersand tilde
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0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111
010 ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , . /
011 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ?
101 P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _
111 p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~ DEL
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Next 1 slides
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EBCDIC
Extended BCD Interchange Code (pronounced ebb-se-dick) 8-bit code Developed by IBM Rarely used today IBM mainframes only
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Next 2 slides
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Unicode
16-bit standard Developed by a consortia Intended to supercede older 7- and 8-bit codes
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Unicode Version 2.1

1998 Improves on version 2.0 Includes the Euro sign (20AC16 = From the standard:
contains 38,887 distinct coded characters derived from the supported scripts. These characters cover the principal written languages of the Americas, Europe, the Middle East, Africa, India, Asia, and Pacifica. http://www.unicode.org
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CMP 101 Set 3 Machine Repre Data

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CMP 101 Set 3 Machine Repre Data

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Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

MACHINE LEVEL REPRESENTATION OF DATA

Fundamentals of Computer and programming in C (CMP 101 )

Representing Information in Computers

Bits, Bytes, and Words

Data Representation Standards

Standard Alphanumeric Formats

Binary-Coded Decimal (BCD)

Bit pattern 0000 0001 0010

Standard Alphanumeric Formats

Codes and Characters

011 0 ! 1 " 2 # 3 Most significant bit $ 4 % 5 & 6 ' 7 ( 8 ) 9 * : + ; , < = . > / ?

000 NULL SOH STX ETX EDT ENQ ACK BEL BS HT LF VT FF CR SO SI

010 ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , . /

011 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ?

000 NULL SOH STX ETX EDT ENQ ACK BEL BS HT LF VT FF CR SO SI

010 ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , . /

011 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ?

000 NULL SOH STX ETX EDT ENQ ACK BEL BS HT LF VT FF CR SO SI

010 ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , . /

011 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ?

000 NULL SOH STX ETX EDT ENQ ACK BEL BS HT LF VT FF CR SO SI

010 ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , . /

011 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ?

000 NULL SOH STX ETX EDT ENQ ACK BEL BS HT LF VT FF CR SO SI

010 ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , . /

011 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ?

000 NULL SOH STX ETX EDT ENQ ACK BEL BS HT LF VT FF CR SO SI

010 ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , . /

011 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ?

Hello, world Example

Common Control Codes

000 NULL SOH STX ETX EDT ENQ ACK BEL BS HT LF VT FF CR SO SI

010 ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , . /

011 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ?

000 NULL SOH STX ETX EDT ENQ ACK BEL BS HT LF VT FF CR SO SI

010 ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , . /

011 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ?

Standard Alphanumeric Formats

Standard Alphanumeric Formats

Unicode Version 2.1

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