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14/04/12
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ALU
General Purpose Register
Control Unit
Other registers
Control Unit
Instruction
Instruction Set
Operand
ADD 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
Operand one A
Operand two R0
Instruction 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
General Purpose Register 0001 0001 0001 0001 After execution Before execution
The Registers
The Registers are very fast storage locations inside the processor itself. There are many registers including : memory address register (MAR) holds the address of a location in memory memory data register (MDR) holds data just read from or written to memory program counter (PC) holds the address of the next instruction to be fetched Instruction register (IR) holds the current instruction being executed general purpose registers can be used by programmers
Machine Cycle
Fetch - Calls an instruction into memory Decode - Figures out what the instruction is trying to do. Execute - Does the decoded instruction Add 2+2 Store - Puts the answer 4 into memory for use by another instruction
Clock Cycle A Crystal Oscillator on the Motherboard It paces the machine cycle Measured in MHz or GHz Megahertz = 1,000,000 cycles/sec Gigahertz = 1,000,000,000 cycles/sec
Clock Cycle
One clock cycle is calculated by dividing 1 by the MHz or GHz Example: (800 MHz CPU) 1/800,000,000 = 0.00000000125 or 1.25 nanoseconds (nano = billionth)
Processor Types
CISC : Complex Instruction Set Computer. A set of large number of variable length instructions. 1 2 2 4 1 0 0 2 0 1 2 1 0 0 Parallel Computation 0 RISC: Reduce instruction set computers. EPIC: Explicitly parallel Instruction Computing.
Dual-Core A dual-core CPU combines two independent processors and their respective caches and cache controllers onto a single silicon chip.
Dual-Core
Dual-Core Disadvantages Require Different OS Scalability more limited Lower production yields
INTEL
AMD
TRANSMETA
Assignment 01
Explain the difference between the Intel DualCore and AMD Dual-Core CPUS. What makes them different.