Plant Description

(from PFD and P&IDs)

Plant Description (from PFD and P&IDs)

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Drawing Types

The two main diagrammatic representations of the process are:

Process Flow Diagrams (PFD) P & ID or Piping and Instrument Diagram Both PFD and P&ID use standardized codes and symbols to represent the plant.

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Common types of diagrams

1. Block flow diagram

2. Layout plan / Plot plan 3. Process Flow Diagram / PFD

4. Process & Instrumentation Diagram / PID

5. Isometric diagram

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PROCAD 3D PLANT PIPING DESIGN

Click here

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WHAT ARE DIAGRAMS USED FOR?

Diagrams are used to represent all or part of a production unit and to make it easier to understand a general view or specific details. Symbols are used to represent: chemical engineering equipment, valves and fittings, fluid displacement equipment piping, measurement, control and safety instruments.

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Aim of the PFD

A tool to help the operator to understand the process and a reference to help ensure that the process is operating to the correct design conditions and specifications.
All points where there is a change on the operating values of fluid composition are identified by an ID tag number.

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Process Flow Diagram / PFD

This plan gives a logical view of the process

This diagram is issued during the project phase and shows in a simplified format the main process lines and tanks and their main operating parameters These diagrams use symbols to show process operating parameters

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Layout of a PFD

The PFD is laid out to a standard pattern and includes: A section for specific notes. An identification section. Drawing history and reference section. Fluid stream representation.

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Process Flow Diagrams

Show
All essential parts of a process system. Either all the process as an overview or the units of a process.

Main points at which a process is controlled.

Flow, temperature, pressure and other parameters.

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Process Flow Diagram

Do not show: All components of a control loop. All block valves/Relief valves/Spec blinds. Process and ESD trips. Pipe, vessel and flange ratings. Pipe numbering and vessel dimensions. Drain and vent lines. Operating capacity of equipment within the system.

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Process Flow Diagram

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The different types of diagrams

Isometric diagram This type of diagram gives a three-dimensional representation of the installations, in particular:
The pipelines The valves The equipment
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P & IDs

Essential to identifying the piping and instrumentation layout. Abbreviations, symbols and engineering principles may vary depending on the design of the: 1. Contents of the P & ID 2. Process and utility pipework and all associated equipment. 3. Associated instrumentation and fire protection systems

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CONCEPTUAL DESIGN

Diagrams are produced during the various stages of plant design

PROCESS BLOCK DIAGRAM

PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM

MECHANICAL FLOW DIAGRAM

PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM

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Notes on P & IDs

Read the P & ID correctly. Refer to the symbols page attached to the P&ID to ensure correct interpretation. Beware some companies use different sets of symbols to others. Interpret the information provided correctly. Be sure you are using the current revision edition; P&IDs are revised periodically as changes are made to the plant. Use the P & ID to plan preparations for maintenance on specific equipment. Use the P & ID to assist in diagnosis of problems and faults.
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Useful information on P & IDs

Line numbering and classification. Dimensions of vessels. Details of control loop components and interactions. Flanges and fittings shown. Local indicators. Insulation types detailed. Relief valves shown. Specialised process items.

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Line numbering indicates

Fluid symbol. Nominal pipe bore. Piping class. System classification. Serial number. Insulation or painting class.

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Piping & Instrumentation Diagram

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How do we read a PID?

1. Consult the legends and abbreviations provided with it. 2. The margins of the PID give information on the the PID's history, PID number, revision history, descriptions and notes 3. Identify the equipment 4. Follow the fluid flow routes 5. Locate the instruments 6. Identify the control loops and their functions

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How do we read a PID?

Identify the equipment The main items of equipment required to carry out the treatment process are shown in the PID by an icon representing the equipment in a simplified manner. They are normally identified by their name and equipment number.

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How do we read a PID?

Follow fluid flow routes The process flows are indicated by the flowlines: Where possible, the incoming flowline is placed on the left and the outgoing flowline on the right Labels or title boxes at the ends of the lines provide information on the sources and destinations of the flows

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Typical Line Number

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Identifying Line Symbols

It is important to understand what each line represents. Achieved by the use of line symbols, which are found on diagram Title and symbols of these drawings can change depending on the design company.

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Line Symbols

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Identifying Valve Symbols

Valve line up for start up during normal running and shutdown operations should be carried out in conjunction with the Process Operating Procedures Manual, as the P & IDs are drawn to represent valve position when the plant is running normally. Need to understand what the valve symbols represent.

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Identifying Valve Symbols

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Three Main Service Functions

OPEN/CLOSED: typically a Gate, Ball or Plug valve.

CONTROL: typically a Globe, Needle, Angle, Choke and Butterfly valves. ONE-WAY SERVICE: allows flow to go in one direction only and provides a shut-off in the reverse direction by using a Check valve

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Butterfly Valve Gate Valve

Check Valve
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GATE VALVES

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GLOBE VALVES

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BUTTERFLY VALVES

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BALL VALVES

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Example of Typical P&ID Symbols ( Pumps )

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Level Control

LIC Level Indicator Controller LRC Level Recorder Controller Can be monitored by various methods: DP cell Level bridle Nucleonic Ultrasonic Radar

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Level Control

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Flow Control

FIC Flow Indicator Controller FRC Flow Recorder Controller Various types of flow meters. Signals from these meters are sent to integrator computers, which record and add up the total flow pressure and temperature.

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Pressure Control

PIC Pressure Indicator Controller PRC Pressure Recorder Controller Signal from the instrument is directed to the pressure control valve to either the flare/fuel gas or gas compression

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Pressure Control

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Temperature Control

TIC Temperature Indicator Controller TRC Temperature Recorder Controller.

Temperature of the product is monitored by a temperature-measuring device, which sends a signal to the temperature transmitter, which in turn sends a signal to the control valve. Control valve then adjusts the flow of the cooling medium through the cooler.

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Temperature Control

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How do we read a PID?

Identify control loops and their functions 1

"Control loop" is a general term for all the elements involved in controlling a process parameter, like tank levels . This includes all the hardware and software associated with this control function.

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How do we read a PID?

Identify control loops and their functions 2 The hardware components in a control loop are called "instruments". It is important to remember that most control loops can be broken down into three parts: the measuring element and associated transmitter the controller, either real or virtual the final element and its associated systems

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How do we read a PID?

The measurement element is connected to a transmitter which sends a signal to the controller. The control signal can take the form of an pneumatic signal (in P.S.I. or pascals etc), or an electric signal (4 to 20 milliamps)

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How do we read a PID?

Identify control loops and their functions The controller determines the control adjustments needed. This is done by comparing the measured value to a setpoint (SP), which is the required setting for a process variable. The controller adapts the output to the final control element / system until the value of the process variable is equal to the setpoint.

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How do we read a PID?

Control loops and their functions The final element is the device which physically acts on the process to effect the change required by the controller Usually this is a powered valve But sometimes a switch (e.g. to turn on a heater) Sometimes the output of one controller is the input to another (cascade control) or to a logic device (High or Low selector)

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