Data Collection Methods

Presented To Sir Abdul Mannan Khan Presented By Asma Bashir Humaira Gill Mehvish Mustafa Saira Sehar Shehla Farid

Defining Problem

Literature Review

Conceptual Framework

Data Collection

Findings And Analysis

Contents
Sources of Data Primary Sources. Secondary Sources Methods Interviewing. Administring questionnaire. Observing people and phenomena. Advantages Of Data Collection Methods Projective Methods Ethics in Data Collection

Sources of data:
Primary sources. Secondary sources.

Primary sources.
1) Focus group. 8 to 10 membres with moderator. Aim of focus group. Role of moderator. Nature of data obtained from focus group. Videoconfrencing: 2) Panels. Static and dynamic panels. 3) Unabtrusive mesures

Secondary sources
Books Media Census data Annual reports Case studies Other records

Data collection methods

Interviewing. Administring questionnaire. Observing people and phenomena.

Principles of measurement
Refer to the scales and scaling techniques Assessment of reliability and validity Ensures that data collected are appropriate to test the hypothesis

Appearance of questionnaires
A good introduction Identity of researcher Purpose of research assurance of confidentiality of information End on courteous note

Organizing questions, giving instructions and good alignment

Organize questions logically Providing instruction on how to complete each section Neatly aligned questions Which result in less time and effort consumed

Sensitive personal data

Should be asked at the end of questionnaire Should be justified through explanation

Open-ended questions at the end

Allowing respondents to comments Sincere thanks to respondents

Concluding the questionnaire

End on courteous note Reminding respondent to check that all questions are completed

End on courteous note Reminding respondent to check that all questions are completed
Involves small number of respondents To ensure that questions are understood by respondents And no problems with the wording or measurement

Electronic questionnaire design

Cappa spsss

Observational surveys
Without asking questions of respondents Movements,work habits, statements made,body language

types
Non-participant Without becoming integral part of organizational system Participant Researcher becomes the part of work team

 Structured Formats for recording the observations are specifically designed and tailored Minimal personal inference Unstructured No definite ideas of particular aspects that need focus Record practically everything

Comparison
Interviewing Administring questionnaire.
Advantages Can Clarify the questions Can Read Nonverbal Cues Can Use visual aids to clarify Can reach wide geographic areas. More response Rate Wide Geographic regions can be reached through mail Questionnaire Less time consuming Free from biasness Easy to note environmental influence Easy to observe certain individual

Observationnel study

Disadvantages
Termination of interview Can introduce interviewer biasness Interviewer need to be trained Response rate is low in mail questionnaires Physical presence of observer is necessary Prolonged and expensive Fatigue may bias the results Cognitive thought cant be captured Training of observer is necessary

Used when complex issues are involved

Used to collect more responses in less time When sample is widely dispersed

Used when Ethics are involved

Mechanical observation
Mechanical observation involves using various types of machines to collect data, which is then interpreted by researchers.
Video cameras Barcode Reader Tracking Systems

Projective Methods
World Association Technique A method of assessing somebody's mental state or personality by asking the person to respond with the first word that comes to mind when a given word is heard. examples Work Study friends

Projective Methods
Thematic Apperception Test: A projective test in which drawings are shown and the object is asked to make up a story about them.

Thematic Apperception Test:

What comes in your mind?

Inkblot Tests A psychological test in which a subject's interpretation of inkblots is analyzed

A Bat? A Butterfly? A Bird?

A Skull? A Butterfly? A dress?

A Tree? A Plane? Two Faces?

Ethics in data collection

From Researcher Side
Guarding the privacy of respondents no misrepresentation of nature of study to objects No violation of self esteem of respondent No compulsion for objects to respond. Personal responsibility of researchers for safety of object No representation in reporting data

From Respondent Side

cooperate Be truthful and honest