EE 4314: Control Systems

Lectures:Tue/Thu, 2:00-3:20, NH 106 Instructor: Dan Popa, Ph.D., Associate Professor, EE Office hours: Tue/Thu 11:30 pm 1:30 pm, NH 543, or by appointment. Course TAs: Isura Ranatunga, M. Rashid Pac Course info: http://www.uta.edu/faculty/popa/control

Grading policy: 6 Homeworks 20% 6 Labs 20% Midterm I (in-class) 20% Midterm II (take-home) 20% Final (in-class) 20% Grading criteria: on curve based on class average

Dan O. Popa, Control Systems EE 4314, Spring2011

Syllabus
Assignments:
Homeworks contain both written and/or computer simulations using MATLAB. Submit code to the TAs if it is part of the assignments. Lab sessions are scheduled in advance, bi-weekly, so that the TAs can be in the lab (NH 250). While the lab session is carried out in a group, the Lab report is your own individual assignment. Reading Assignments: After each course, the assigned reading material wil help you better understand the concepts. Materials from the reading assignments may also be part of course exams. Examinations: Three exams (midterms, final), in class or take home. In rare circumstances (medical emergencies, for instance) exams may be retaken and assignments can be resubmitted without penalty. Missed deadlines for take-home exams and homeworks: Maximum grade drops 15% per late day (every 24 hours late).
Dan O. Popa, Control Systems EE 4314, Spring2011

Honor Code
Academic Dishonesty will not be tolerated. All homeworks and exams are individual assignments. Discussing homework assignments with your classmates is encouraged, but the turned-in work must be yours. Discussing exams with classmates is not allowed. Your take-home exams and homeworks will be carefully scrutinized to ensure a fair grade for everyone. Random quizzes on turned-in work: Every student will be required to answer quizzes in person at least twice during the semester for homework and take home exam. You will receive invitations to stop by during office hours. Credit for turned in work may be rescinded for lack of familiarity with your submissions. Attendance and Drop Policy: Attendance is not mandatory but highly encouraged. If you skip classes, you will find the homework and exams much more difficult. Assignments, lecture notes, and other materials re going to be posted here, however, due to the pace of the lectures, copying someone else's notes may be an unreliable way of making up an absence. You are responsible for all material covered in class regardless of absences.

Dan O. Popa, Control Systems EE 4314, Spring2011

Textbooks & Description

Textbook:
G.F. Franklin, J.D. Powell, A. Emami-Naeni, Feedback Control of Dynamic Systems, 6th edition, Pearson Education, 2009, ISBN: 978-0-136019-69-5
Student Edition of MATLAB Version 5 for Windows by Mathworks, Mathworks Staff, MathWorks Inc. O. Beucher, M. Weeks, Introduction to Matlab & Simulink, A project approach, 3-rd ed., Infinity Science Press, 2006, ISBN: 978-1-934015-04-9 B.W. Dickinson, Systems: Analysis, Design and Computation, Prentice Hall, 1991, ISBN: 0-13-338047-5. R.C. Dorf, R.H. Bishop, Modern Control Systems, 10th ed., Pearson Prentice Hall, 2005, ISBN: 0-13145733-0 K. Ogata, Modern Control Engineering, 5-th ed, 2010, Pearson Prentice Hall ISBN13:9780136156734, ISBN10:0136156738

Other materials (on library reserve)

Catalog description:
Catalog description: EE 4314. CONTROL SYSTEMS (3-0) Analyses of closed loop systems using frequency response, root locus, and state variable techniques. System design based on analytic and computer methods. This is an introductory control systems course. It presents a broad overview of control techniques for continuous and discrete linear systems, and focuses on fundamentals such as modeling and identification of systems in frequency and state-space domains, stability analysis, graphical and analytical controller design methods. The course material is divided between several areas:
Control Systems: classification, modeling, and identification Basics of Feedback: performance and stability Control Design Methods: frequency domain, state-space Programming excercises using MATLAB and Simulink Laboratory experiments

Dan O. Popa, Control Systems EE 4314, Spring2011

Tentative Course Schedule

Part 1: Introduction to systems & system modeling Week 1 - January 18, 20, Lectures 1,2
Introduction to feedback control systems and brief history Review of basics: Matrix and vector algebra, complex numbers, integrals and series, Differential equations and linear systems Homework #1 handed out on January 20

Week 2 - January 25, 27, Lectures 3,4

Online material Dynamic Models: examples of circuits and mechatronic systems. MATLAB Programming

Week 3 - Feb 1, 3, Lectures 5,6

Dynamic Models: examples of circults and thermo-fluidic systems Block diagrams Lab #1: Matlab and Simulink Hands on Lab Session

Dan O. Popa, Control Systems EE 4314, Spring2011

Tentative Course Schedule

Part 2: Feedback and Its Time Domain Analysis
Week 4 - Feb 8, 10, Lectures 7,8
Stability System Identification: first order systems Basic Properties of Feedback: Sensitivity Homework #1 due Feb 10, Homework #2 handed out Basic Properties of Feedback: Steady state errors 2nd order system response, system type Lab #1 Due Feb 17, Lab #2: Identificaton of a Transfer Function State-space system intro State-space system controller design Homework #2 due Feb 24 , Homework #3 handed out Lab #2 Due March 3,Lab #3: Identificaton of a State-Space Model Full-state feedback, Ackerman's Formula Estimator design. Optimal control Linear Quadratic Regulation. In-class Midterm I on March 10, covers: system modeling, basic feedback, and state-space methods. Midterm study guide Homework #3 due on March 10, Homework #4 handed out

Week 5 - Feb 15, 17, Lectures 9, 10

Week 6 - Feb 22, 24, Lectures 11, 12

Week 7 - March 1,3, Lectures 13, 14

Week 8 - March 8, 10, Lectures 15, 16

Dan O. Popa, Control Systems EE 4314, Spring2011

Tentative Course Schedule

Part 3: Feedback and Design Methods in Frequency Domain Week 9 - March 15,17, Spring Break Week 10 - March 22, 24 Lectures 17, 18
PID control Root-locus design method Lab #3 due, Lab #4: Speed Motor Control using PID

Week 11 - March 29, 31, Lectures 19, 20

Root-locus design method Homework #4 due on March 29, Homework #5 handed out.

Week 12 - April 5, 7, Lectures 21, 22

Frequency-Response design method Lab #4 due, Lab #5: LQR Controller

Week 13 - April 12, 14 Lectures 23, 24

More on PM, GM Homework #5 due April 12
Midterm II (Take Home), posted April 12, due April 19, covers frequency domain techniques
Dan O. Popa, Control Systems EE 4314, Spring2011

Tentative Course Schedule

Part 4: Digital Control

Week 14 - April 19, 21, Lectures 25, 26

Digital Control Homework #6 handed out Lab #6: Digital Control

Week 15 - April 26, 28, Lectures 27, 28

Digital Control Lab #5 due

Week 16 - May 4, 6, Lectures 29, 30

Course recap and exam preparation Lab #6 due May 6 Homework #6 due May 6

Week 17 - May 10
Final exam (in-class) (comprehensive) in class, no calculator Bring a 5-page, double-sided cheat sheet, handwriting only

Dan O. Popa, Control Systems EE 4314, Spring2011

Course Objectives
Students should be familiar with the following topics:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Modeling of physical dynamic systems Block diagrams Specifications of feedback system performance Steady-state performance of feedback systems Stability of feedback systems Root-locus method of feedback system design Frequency-response methods Nyquists criterion of feedback loop stability ' Design using classical compensators State variable feedback

Dan O. Popa, Control Systems EE 4314, Spring2011

Textbook Reading and Review

Course Refresher:
Math: complex numbers, matrix algebra, vectors and trigonometry, differential equations. Programming: MATLAB & Simulink EE 3317, 3318

For weeks 1 & 2

Read Chapter 1, Appendices A, B, C of Texbook Read History of Feedback Control by Frank Lewis
http://arri.uta.edu/acs/history.htm

Purpose of weekly assigned textbook readings

To solidify concepts To go through additional examples To expose yourselves to different perspectives Reading is required. Problems or questions on exams might cover reading material not covered in class.

Dan O. Popa, Control Systems EE 4314, Spring2011

Signals and Systems

What are linear systems and why is it important to study them?
Signal:
Conventional Electrical or Optical signals Any time dependent physical quantity

System:
Object in which input signals interact to produce output signals. Static vs dynamic systems Fundamental properties that make it predictable:
Sinusoid in, sinusoid out of same frequency (when transients settle) Double the amplitude in, double the amplitude out (when initial state conditions are zero)
Dan O. Popa, Control Systems EE 4314, Spring2011

System Modeling
Building mathematical models based on observed data, or other insight for the system.
Parametric models (analytical): ODE, PDE Non-parametric models: ex: graphical models - plots, or look-up tables. Mental models Ex. Driving a car and using the cause-effect knowledge Simulation models ex: Many interconnect subroutines, objects in video game
Dan O. Popa, Control Systems EE 4314, Spring2011

Types of Models
White Box
derived from first principles laws: physical, chemical, biological, economical, etc. Examples: RLC circuits, MSD mechanical models (electromechanical system models).

Black Box
model is entirely derived from measured data Example: regression (data fit)

Gray Box combination of the two

Dan O. Popa, Control Systems EE 4314, Spring2011

White Box vs Black Box Models

White Box Models Information Source Advantages First Principle Black-Box Models Experimentation Good Extrapolation Short time to develop Good understanding Little domain expertise High reliability, scalability required Works for not well understood systems Time consuming and detailed domain expertise required Not scalable, data restricts accuracy, no system understanding

Disadvantages

Application Areas

Planning, Construction, Design, Analysis, Simple Systems

Complex processes Existing systems

This course deals with both white and black models which are linear
Dan O. Popa, Control Systems EE 4314, Spring2011

Linear vs. Nonlinear

Why study continuous linear analysis of signals and systems when many systems are nonlinear in practice?
Basis for digital signals and systems Many dynamical systems are nonlinear but some techniques for analysis of nonlinear systems are based on linear methods Methods for linear systems often work reasonably well, for nonlinear systems as well If you dont understand linear dynamical systems you certainly cant understand nonlinear systems
Dan O. Popa, Control Systems EE 4314, Spring2011

LTI Models
Continuous-time linear dynamical system (LDSC) has the form dx/dt= A(t)x(t) + B(t)u(t), y(t) = C(t)x(t) + D(t)u(t) where:
t R denotes time x(t) Rn is the state (vector) u(t) Rm is the input or control y(t) Rp is the output
Dan O. Popa, Control Systems EE 4314, Spring2011

Linear Systems in Practice

most linear systems encountered are time-invariant: A, B, C, D are constant, i.e., dont depend on t
Examples: second-order electromechanical systems with constant coefficients

when there is no input u (hence, no B or D) system is called autonomous

Examples: filters, uncontrolled systems

when u(t) and y(t) are scalar, system is called singleinput, single-output (SISO) when input & output signal dimensions are more than one, MIMO
Example: Aircraft MIMO
Dan O. Popa, Control Systems EE 4314, Spring2011

Linear System Description in Frequency Domain

Dan O. Popa, Control Systems EE 4314, Spring2011

Automatic Control
Control: process of making a system variable converge to a reference value If ref_value=constant - servo (tracking control) If ref_value=changing - regulation (stabilization) Open Loop vs. closed loop control

Dan O. Popa, Control Systems EE 4314, Spring2011

Feedback System Block Diagram

Dan O. Popa, Control Systems EE 4314, Spring2011

Feedback System Block Diagram

Temperature control system

Dan O. Popa, Control Systems EE 4314, Spring2011

Feedback System Block Diagrams

Automobile Cruise Control

Dan O. Popa, Control Systems EE 4314, Spring2011

Brief History of Feedback Control

The key developments in the history of mankind that affected the progress of feedback control were:
1. The preoccupation of the Greeks and Arabs with keeping accurate track of time. This represents a period from about 300 BC to about 1200 AD. (Primitive period of AC) 2. The Industrial Revolution in Europe, and its roots that can be traced back into the 1600's. (Primitive period of AC) 3. The beginning of mass communication and the First and Second World Wars. (1910 to 1945). (Classical Period of AC) 4. The beginning of the space/computer age in 1957. (Modern Period of AC).

Dan O. Popa, Control Systems EE 4314, Spring2011

Primitive Period of AC

Float Valve for tank level regulators (antiquity)

Drebbel incubator furnace control (1620)

Dan O. Popa, Control Systems EE 4314, Spring2011

Primitive Period of AC
James Watt Fly-Ball Governor For regulating steam engine speed (late 1700s)

Dan O. Popa, Control Systems EE 4314, Spring2011

Classical Period of AC
Stability Analysis: Maxwell, Routh, Hurwitz, Lyapunov (before
1900). Electronic Feedback Amplifiers with Gain for long distance communications (Black, 1927) Stability analysis in frequency domain using Nyquist criterion (1932), Bode Plots (1945).

PID controller (Callender, 1936) servomechanism control Root Locus (Evans, 1948) aircraft control Most of the advances were done in Frequency Domain.

Dan O. Popa, Control Systems EE 4314, Spring2011

Modern Period of AC
Time domain analysis (state-space) Bellmann, Kalman: linear systems (1960) Pontryagin: Nonlinear systems (1960) IFAC Optimal controls H-infinity control (Doyle, Francis, 1980s) loop shaping (in frequency domain). MATLAB (1980s to present) has implemented math behind most control methods.

Dan O. Popa, Control Systems EE 4314, Spring2011

MATLAB Exercises
Run the following MATLAB demos:
Type demo at the MATLAB prompt Watch Getting Started Videos Run as many Simulink Demos as you can. For each one:
Double click all the model boxes and look inside Try to modify parameters which make sense to you and see their effects by running the model.

Dan O. Popa, Control Systems EE 4314, Spring2011