INTERNET AND WEB DESIGN

INTERNET

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INTERNET
It is a network of networks that links computers around the world. This allows people to have access to information from different website, locations or machines.

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History Of The Internet

The beginnings: ARPANET Evolution of Internet from ARPANET History of the World Wide Web

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ARPANET
In 1957 US government formed the Advanced Research Project Agency(ARPA),a segment of the Department of Defense. ARPA developed a Network (ARPANET) to meet a military need for communications system that could withstand the disruption of limited nuclear attack. The goal was to work from any location on the network and exchange data and information.
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Evolution from ARPANET

The original ARPANET grew into the Internet. In 1980, the Department of Defense assigned the ARPA project to the National Science Foundation and this gave birth to National Science Foundation Network(NSFNET). Later it expanded to the range of sites for business, universities, government and military installations, plus thousands of other networks which made up the INTERNET.
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History of World Wide Web

At first Internet was a text only system. The graphics capabilities were implemented using a language called HTML, and a mechanism was invented to allow users to view these HTML files in their graphic format. That mechanism was called as the World Wide Web(WWW). The WWW came into being 1991, developed by Tim Berners Lee and others at CERN(European center for nuclear research.)
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Growth of Internet
Internet started with 200 hosts connected to the Internet in the early 80s. Today there are hundreds of thousands of clients in the Internet scattered over sixty-five countries, with more coming online everyday. The evolution of internet has brought up the applications like net banking, e-commerce, egovernance, etc. and technical products like internet television, internet telephone, etc.
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Owners of the Internet

Governments, corporations, universities, commercial companies own the Internet jointly. There is a Network Information Center(NIC) that is sponsored by the Us National Science foundation to register the domains names and addresses of new computers being added to the network and improvement of the Internets performance. Internet Service Provider provides registration service and assistance for each new connected network. Prepared by Shimi

PREREQUISITES FOR INTERNET

HARDWARE
A COMPUTER MODEM TELEPHONE CONNECTION INTERNET CONNECTION

SOFTWARE
WINDOWS WEB BROWSER (Internet Explorer / Netscape Communicator)
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MODEM
MOdulator DEModulator Converts Digital Signals (Computer) into Analog Signals (Telephone)

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INTERNET CONNECTION
DIAL UP ISDN CABLE MODEM LEASED LINE

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SETUP OF DIALUP CONNECTION

MODEM

MODEM

HOME PC
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ISP PC

ISDN(Integrated Services Digital Network)

It is a digital telephone system. It involves the digitization of telephone network so that voice, data, graphics, text, music, video and other source material can be provided to end users from a single end user terminal over existing telephone wiring. It offers speed at 64Kbps and 128 Kbps and is an alternative for those with a need for greater Bandwidth than dial service.
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Cable Modem
The Internet Access over cable modem is a very new and fast emerging technology. It is a device that allows high speed data access via a cable TV(CATV) network It has two connections, one to the cable wall outlet and the other to the PC. This will enable the typical array of Internet services at speeds of 100 to 1000 times as fast as he telephone modem The speed of cable modem range from 500 Kbps to 10 Mbps
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Leased Line
It connects local area networks to Internet. It is a permanent connection over a telephone line between a modem and a modem or a router and router. It provides reliable, high speed services starting as low as 2.4Kbps and ranging as high as 45Mbps. A leased line connection is an affordable way to link two or more sites for a fixed monthly charge. High capacity leased line service is an excellent way to provide data, voice and video links between sites.
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ISP (Internet Service Provider)

PROVIDES INTERNET CONNECTION TO THE USER EX. VSNL (Videsh Sanchar Nigam Ltd.) Satyam Online, Ice net, Dishnet

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INTERNET TERMINOLOGY
Browser:- It is a client program that enables to surf the Web and
access information on the Internet through www. e.g. Internet Explorer

DNS(Domain Name System): It is an address system to

translate from domain names to IP numbers.

Domain Name:- Name of the computer in which the file is

located.

Hypertext:-The texts or images having connections to another

document

HTTP(Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) :- It is a set of rules

for exchanging files (text, images, sound, video) on the web.
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INTERNET TERMINOLOGY
HTML(Hyper Text Markup Language):- A
language used to design Web pages. IP ADDRESS:- The numeric address of a computer connected on the Internet. Server:-It is a computer that provides services and resource to the other computer on the network.

Web Page A web page is an electronic page like any

other computer document, except that it is created using HTML (Hypertext Markup Language).

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INTERNET TERMINOLOGY
Web site It is a collection of WebPages(files) stored on
a Web server.

Home Page The first page of a website is called as homepage. URL (Universal Resource Locator):An address of documents and other resources on the Web. E.g. http://www.microsoft.com/index.html

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IP Address
An IP address is a numeric identifier assigned to each machine on an IP network. It designates the location of the device it is assigned to on the network. It is made up of 32 bits of information. These bits are divided into four sections containing one byte.

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IP Address
There are three methods for depicting an IP address Dotted-decimal, as in 130.57.30.56 Binary, as in 10000010.00111001.00011110.00111000 Hexadecimal as in 82 39 1E 38

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Classes of Networks
Class Format Leading bit pattern Decimal Range of Maximum Maximum First Byte of network networks nodes per address network

Node

1-127

127

16,777,214

B C

Node Node

10 110

128-191 192-223

16,384 2,097,152

65,534 254

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Class A Networks
The Class format is Network.Node. Node .Node

E.g. 49.22.102.70 The first byte is for network address. First bit of the byte (8 bits) is reserved to identify the Class of network and the network address of all zeros are also reserved, so the total number of network address =27 1 = 127 Three bytes for the node address, and the addresses with all zeros and all ones are reserved, the total number of node address= 224 -2 =16777214
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Class B Networks
The Class format is Network.Network. Node .Node E.g. 130.57.30.56

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Class C Networks
The Class format is Network.Network. Network .Node E.g. 198.21.74.102

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Additional Classes of Networks

The Class D Network It has a first bit value of 1, second bit value of 1, third bit value of 1 and fourth bit value of 0. The other 28 bits are used to identify the Nodes The Class E Network It has a first bit value of 1, second bit value of 1, third bit value of 1 and fourth bit value of 1. The other 28 bits are used to identify the Nodes
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DNS(Domain Name System)

It is a set of protocols and services on a TCP/IP network. It allows users of the network to utilize userfriendly names for computers instead of having to remember and use their IP address Developed by Sun Microsystems E.g. www.vsnl.net.in

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Top Level Domains

Name Com Org Net Gov Mil Represents Commercial Organization Non-Profit groups Networking organization Government Agencies Military

Edu

Education
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Internet Applications/Services
WWW Email
It is an internet based network of Web servers

Telnet FTP

Sending and receiving mail using Internet

It allows to connect to and log into a remote computer

Newsgroups

A Protocol used to send files to a remote computer or receive them

These are ongoing discussion groups among people on the Internet who share a mutual interest
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Internet Applications/Services
E-commerce
It is the buying and Selling of goods using Internet as the medium

Mobile commerce
It means being able to pay for goods, services or information with a mobile phone.

Electronic governance
It is the application of Information Technology to the processes of Government functioning to transform these into simple, moral, accountable, responsive and transparent procedures

Usenet
Stands for User Network. It is a system of discussion groups in which individual articles are distributed throughout the world
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Internet Applications/Services
Archie
It is a search tool. It allows to search the archives of files accessible by anonymous FTP

Gopher
It is a menu based document delivery system.

WAIS
It stands for Wide Area Information Servers. This is a method of indexing the documents so that people can easily search them.
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Internet Applications/Services
Whois
This is a service that provides information on internet users, domain names and organizations. Using it you can find email addresses, host computer names and domain names

Internet Relay Chat

It is a talk facility which can be used by anyone on the net at any time

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