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Data Communication and IT Enabled Services

A N K Prasanna Anjaneyulu

Contents
Introduction Software

Functions Software Categories Data Processing Data Transmission Computer Network IT Enabled Services

Introduction
Set

of Instructions Routine Complete set of instructions Program Instructions that direct the operation of the hardware Software

Software Functions
Manage

the Computer Resources of organization Provide tools for human beings to take advantage of these resources Act as an intermediary between organizations and stored information

Software Categories
System

Software

Operating System Language Translations Utility Programs Communication Software

Application

Software

Data Processing
Data

& Information Data Sequence


Bit - Byte Character Field Record Block File Database
Data

processing Processing

Read, sort, collate, compare, store etc.


Transaction

Data Processing Modes


Batch

processing On-Line Processing System


Verification of Data immediately but processing may be later
On-Line

Real-time Processing

System
Verification of Data and processing is immediate
Distributed

Processing

Other Processing Modes


Time

Sharing Multi Programming Multi processing

Data Transmission
Data

Communication consists of Data processing and data transmission


Transmitter Converter at Transmitting end Transmission Channel/ Carrier Converter at the receiving End Receiver

Transmission Signals
Analog

Signal

Amplitude (Strength of Signal) Phase (Direction of flow of the signal in a cycle time) Frequency (no. of times the wave form is repeated during a specific interval)
Digital

Signal

Communication Channels
Physical

Connection Lines

Twisted pair of copper wires Coaxial Cables Optical Fibre


Micro

Wave Lines

Line of Sight Radio / Wireless transmission waves Satellite

Characteristics of Communication Lines


Transmission Bandwidth Transmission

speed Modes

Synchronous Asynchronou
Transmission

Direction

Simplex Half-Duplex Duplex

Communication

Processor

Frond End Processors Concentrator Controller Multiplexer Telecommunication Software

Computer Network
A

Computer Network consists of two or more autonomous computers that are linked/connected together in order to
Share Resources Share Applications Allows Electronic Communication Increase Productivity

Data Communication
Communication

means sharing of Information. It may be Local or Remote Communication Data Communication is the exchange of data between two devices via some form of transmission medium Data Communication made up of five components
Message Sender Receiver Medium Protocol

Syntax Semantics Timing

Classification of Networks
Categories

of Networks

Local Area Network (LAN) Metro Area Network (MAN) Wide Area Network (WAN) internet

Networks

can be classified based on transmission technology


Broadcast Network / Multi Point
Packet Radio Network Satellite Network LAN

Point-to-Point

Network Topology
Topology

refers to the shape of a network or networks layout Types of Topologies


Bus Topology Star Topology Ring Topology Tree Topology Mesh Topology Cellular Topology

Topologies Bus Topology


In

Bus Topology all devices are connected to a central cable, called bus. Each workstation connects to next workstation in a point-to-point fashion Advantages
Installation is easy Less cabling required Connections are simple

Disadvantages

Used only in small networks Single fault in cable stops all transmission Fault Identification is difficult

Topologies - Star Topology


Star

Topology uses a central hub through which, all computers are connected. Nodes communicate across the network by passing data through the hub. Advantages
Faults in the networks can be easily traced Single computer failure does not affect network Installation and configuration is easy Failure in the central hub brings entire network to a halt More cabling is required in comparison to tree or bus topology because each node is connected to the central hub

Disadvantages

Topologies Ring Topology


In

Ring Topology all devices are connected to one another in the shape of a closed loop Advantages
Disadvantages

Easy to install and modify the network Fault isolation is simplified Adding or removing computers disrupts the entire network A break in the ring can stop the transmission in the entire network Expensive when compared to other topologies Finding fault is difficult

Topologies Tree Topology

Tree topology is a LAN topology in which only one route exists between any two nodes in the network. Tree topology is hybrid topology, similar to the star topology but the nodes are connected to secondary hub Advantages
Installation and configuration is easy Faults in the network can be detected and traced Addition of secondary hub allows more devices to be attached to the central hub Failure in the central hub brings the entire network to a halt

Disadvantages

Topologies Mesh Topology


Devices

are connected with many redundant interconnections between network nodes. Advantages
Use of dedicated links eliminates traffic problems Failure in one of the computers does not affect the entire network Privacy between computers is maintained as messages travel along dedicated path
Disadvantages

The amount of cabling required is high

Applications of Networks
Marketing and Sales Financial Services Manufacturing Electronic Messaging Directory Services Information Services Electronic Interchange Teleconferencing Cellular Phones Cable Television

IT Enabled Services
Business

Process Outsourcing &

Mgmt. Call Centres Medical Transcription Legal Databases (Judicial System) Digital Content Development Geographic/Global Information System (GIS)

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