CHEMICAL

BONDING
 THE CHEMICAL BOND

• Force that holds atoms together

• Arises from the interaction of
VALENCE ELECTRONS of different
atoms
• Atoms interact in order to achieve
stability
• Stability implies being
ISOELECTRONIC with a noble gas
 THE CHEMICAL BOND

• The special stability of the noble

gases is due to their fully filled s and
p orbitals (OCTET of ELECTRONS).
• The outer (valence) electrons give
each atom its distinctive chemical
properties.
• Any atom can be stable by :
•Giving or receiving electron(s)
•Sharing electrons
 THE CHEMICAL BOND

Types of chemical bonds/compounds

•IONIC

•COVALENT
•Polar
•Non-polar

•METALLIC
 IONIC BONDING
• Formed due to a TRANSFER OF
ELECTRON(S) from metal to non-
metal.
• Metals lose electron(s) and a non-
metals gain electron(s).
• Formed due to a large difference in
electronegativity.
• In the process, cation/s (+) and
anion/s (-) are formed.
 IONIC BONDING
1. Na → Na+ + e-

2. Cl + e- → Cl-

3. Na+ + Cl- → NaCl

Na(s) + Cl(g) → NaCl(s)

# electrons lost = # electrons gained
Attracted by electrostatic forces (right), the ions arrange
themselves in a crystalline structure in which each is strongly
attracted to a set of oppositely charged “nearest neighbors”
and, to a lesser extent, all the other oppositely charged ions
throughout the entire crystal.
 IONIC BONDING
ELECTROVALENT NO. – number of
electrons that must be lost or gained
in order for an element to attain a
noble gas configuration.
Group 1A: ns1 +1
Group 2A: ns2 +2
Group 6A: ns2np4 -2
Group 7A: ns2np5 -1
 Test yourself

Show the formula of the

compounds formed from the
following reactions:
1. Na (1A) and O (6A)
2. Na and F (7A)
3. Mg (2A) and O
4. Mg and F
 Mg  Mg+2 + 2 e- (tendency is to lose two electrons to be
isoelectronic with neon)
1s2
2s22p6
3s2
O + 2e-  O-2 (tendency is to gain two electrons to have
eight outer electrons)
1s2
2s22p6
 

Na+1 O-2 (Na2O)

3s2 3p2p1p1
 COVALENT BONDING
• Formed by SHARING OF
ELECTRONS between two non-
metals.
• Usually, the atoms involved
have little or no difference in
their electronegativity.
• Compounds possessing this
type of bond are called covalent
molecules.
 COVALENT BONDING
NON-POLAR COVALENT BOND
• Equal sharing of electrons between
identical atoms.
•No difference in electronegativity
•There is no net dipole moment.

2H• → •H
H •
2F• → •
F •F
 COVALENT BONDING
POLAR COVALENT BOND
• Unequal sharing of electrons between
non-identical atoms.
• Electronegativity difference between
bonded atoms not equal to zero.
• There is a net dipole moment.
• •δ-
δ+ δ-
• O•
H •• F •• •• H
H
δ+ δ+
 ELECTRONEGATIVITY
AND BOND TYPE
Electronegativity Bond Covalent
difference type character
d
Zero Non-polar Covalent e
c
Intermediate Polar covalent r
e
a
Large Ionic s
e
s
When the atoms involved in the covalent bond are from
different elements, one of the atoms will tend to attract the
shared electrons more strongly, and the electrons will spend
more time near that atom; this is a polar covalent bond.
When the atoms connected by a covalent bond are the
same, neither atom attracts the shared electrons more
strongly than the other; this is a non-polar covalent bond.
 LEWIS SYMBOLS

• Gives the symbol of the element and

its valence electrons.
• The family represents the number of
valence electrons.
• • • •
• H • C
•
• • N • •
• O
•
•
•
•
 WRITING LEWIS STRUCTURES

H2 H• • H H H
H H
••
CH4 H•• C •• H H C H
•
•
H H
 Writing Lewis Structures

H2 O Bonding pair

••
H •• O •• H
••

Non- ••
bonding H O H
pair or ••
lone pairs
 Test yourself !
1. Arrange the following bonds in increasing
order of polarity:H-H, O-H, Cl-H, S-H, F-H
2. Ionic or covalent? Formula of compound
formed?
A. Si (4A) + F (7A) D. P (5A) + Cl (7A)
B. H (1A) +Se (6A) E. K (1A) + Cl (7A)
C. Al (3A) + O (6A) F. Ca (2A) + F (7A)
3. Draw the Lewis structure of the ff:
A. HOCl C. H2O2 E. CO2
B. ONCl D. HCN F. SeCl2
 MOLECULAR SHAPES

VSEPR Theory
•Electron pairs tend to arrange themselves
as far away as from each other to minimize
repulsions.

Strength of repulsion:
•Non-bonding pair (NBP)
•Bonding Pair (BP)
•NBP-NBP> NBP-BP>BP-BP
 MOLECULAR SHAPES

180o 109.5o
120o

linear trigonal planar tetrahedral

90o 90o
90o
120o
trigonal bipyramidal octahedral
 METHANE

CH4 •Regular tetrahedron

•Nonpolar
•Bond angle = 109.5o
•Component of
intestinal gas
•Natural gas
•Used as fuel for
heating
 AMMONIA

NH3
•Trigonal pyramid
•• •Bond angle = 107o
•Polar
•Gas at room
temperature
 WATER

•Bent
•Bond angle =
H2O 104.5o
• • •Polar
• • •Solid sate is less
dense than liquid
104.5o state
•High heat of
vaporization
 DIAMOND

•Repeating unit
is tetrahedral
where carbon
atoms are
connected by
covalent bonds
Diamonds consist of pure
carbon compressed into a tight,
isometric crystalline form. •Allotrope of C
•Very hard and
rigid
GRAPHITE

• Allotrope of carbon
• Carbon atoms are
arranged in hexagon
• Layers are held together
by weak forces that slip
past one another
• Good lubricant
• Soft to leave a trace
 POLARITY OF MOLECULE

N
H H P
H Cl
106.8o Cl Cl
H
109.5o
C O
H H H δ− H
H δ+ δ+
 Test yourself !
Given a hypothetical element X with atomic number of 8 and
mass number of 18. Give the following:
2. Number of protons;
3. Number of electrons;
4. Number of neutrons;
5. Its electronic configuration;
6. Quantum numbers of the differentiating electron;
7. The type of element;
8. Its period number and group number
9. The most stable ion it can form;
10. Compound formed when it reacts with Mg (2A);
11. The type of chemical bond formed in #9;
12. Compound formed when it reacts with F (7A);
13. The type of chemical bond formed in #11;
14. Polarity of the bond formed in #11;
15. Shape of the molecule in #11;
16. Polarity of the molecule in #11.
 protons (given by atomic number)

electrons (since the atom is neutral, then total positive charges

should be equal to total negative charges)

0 neutrons (mass number - atomic number)

s22s22p2p1p1 (distribute 8 electrons)

= 2 (second energy shell); l = 1 (p orbital); m = +1 (1st p orbital:

remember to follow Hund’s rule); s = - 1/2 (paired electron)

epresentative element (last electron entered a p orbital)

eriod 2 (as dictated by the highest n value) and group 6A (as

dictated by the
F
Xnumber of valence or outermost electrons)
F

-2
(with 6 valence electrons, gain of 2 electrons to have filled
outermost orbitals)

g+2 X-2 (Mg is 2A and its electrovalence number is +2;

X
F number
F of
electrons lost should be equal to the number of electrons gained)
 METALLIC BONDING
• Positive ions held together by
delocalized electrons (sea of e-)
• Unique to metals --
+
--
+
--
• Metals are : --
--
+
•Lustrous --
--
--

•Ductile + -- +

•Malleable -- --

•High densities and melting points

•Good conductors of heat & electricity
Silver, a typical metal, consists of a regular array of silver atoms that have
each lost an electron to form a silver ion. The negative electrons distribute
themselves throughout the entire piece of metal and form nondirectional
bonds between the positive silver ions. This accounts for the properties of
metals: they are good electrical conductors because the electrons are free to
move from one place to another, and they are malleable because the positive
ions are held together by nondirectional forces.
 METALLIC BONDING
Why metals conduct electricity:

Conduction band

Band Gap

Valence band

•Metals •Insulators
•Semiconductors