Marine Auxiliary Support System

HVAC
By: Mr. Anuar Bin Bero

Marine Auxiliary Support System

How does it work?

High Temperature Reservoir

Heat Rejected R Work Input

Heat Absorbed Low Temperature Reservoir

2

Marine Auxiliary Support System How does it work?

Thermal energy moves from left to right through five loops of heat transfer:
1) Indoor air loop 2) 3) 4) 5)

Chilled water loop

Refrigerant loop

Condenser water loop

Cooling water loop

(Bureau of Energy Efficiency, 2004)

Marine Auxiliary Support System

AC Systems
AC options / combinations:
Air Conditioning (for comfort / machine) Split air conditioners

Fan coil units in a larger system

Air handling units in a larger system
4

Marine Auxiliary Support System Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Systems

Vapour Compression Refrigeration (VCR): uses mechanical energy Vapour Absorption Refrigeration (VAR): uses thermal energy Gas Refrigeration System:used to cool aircraft and to obtain very low temperatures after it is modified with regeneration.

Marine Auxiliary Support System

Vapour Compression Refrigeration

Refrigeration cycle (Primary System)
Condenser 4 3

High Pressure Side Expansion Device

Compressor

1 Evaporator

Low Pressure Side

Marine Auxiliary Support System

Low pressure liquid refrigerant Vapour Compression in evaporator absorbs heat and changes to a gas Refrigeration cycle
Condenser 4

Refrigeration
3

High Pressure Side Expansion Device

Compressor

1 Evaporator

Low Pressure Side

Marine Auxiliary Support System

The superheated vapour enters the compressor Vapour Compression where its pressure is raised Refrigeration cycle
Condenser 4

Refrigeration
3

High Pressure Side Expansion Device

Compressor

1 Evaporator

Low Pressure Side

Marine Auxiliary Support System

The high pressure superheated gas is cooled Vapour Compression in several stages in the condenser

Refrigeration
3

Refrigeration cycle

Condenser 4

High Pressure Side Expansion Device

Compressor

1 Evaporator

Low Pressure Side

Type of Refrigeration Marine Auxiliary Support System

Liquid passes through expansion device, which reduces its pressure Vapour and controls the flow into the Compression Refrigeration evaporator

Refrigeration cycle

Condenser 4

High Pressure Side Expansion Device

Compressor

1 Evaporator

Low Pressure Side

10

Marine Auxiliary Support System

Vapour Compression Refrigeration

Choice of compressor, design of condenser, evaporator determined by
Refrigerant
Required cooling Load

Ease of maintenance
Physical space requirements Availability of utilities (water, power)
11

Marine Auxiliary Support System

Assessment of Air Conditioning

Measure
Airflow Q (m3/s) at Fan Coil Units (FCU) or Air Handling Units (AHU): anemometer

Air density (kg/m3)

Dry bulb and wet bulb temperature: psychrometer Enthalpy (kCal/kg) of inlet air (hin) and outlet air (Hout): psychrometric charts
Q h in h out TR 3024
12

Calculate TR

Marine Auxiliary Support System

Assessment of Air Conditioning

Indicative TR load profile
Small office cabins : 0.1 TR/m2 Medium size office (10 30 people occupancy) with central A/C: 0.06 TR/m2 Large multistoried office complexes with central A/C: 0.04 TR/m2
13

Basic HVAC Calculations

Applying Thermodynamics to HVAC Processes Looking at a simplified (but complete) air-conditioning system. Terminology: qsensible, mwater, qL, hw, solar gains. First law of thermodynamics (energy) and conservation of mass. Air is removed from the room, returned to the air-conditioning apparatus where it is reconditioned, and then supplied again to the room. Many cases, it is mixed with outside air required for ventilation Outdoor air (o) is mixed with return air (r) from the room and enters the apparatus at condition (m). Air flows through the conditioner & is supplied to the space (s). The air supplied to the space absorbs heat qs and moisture mw, and the cycle continues.

 Applying Thermodynamics to HVAC Processes

Figure 1: Working Principle of Air Conditioning System

Marine Auxiliary Support System

Exhaust Return air Air Handling Unit
Supply air To Comp. Space

Fan Mixed Outside air air

Chiller Out

Chiller In
Primary System
16

Figure 2

Figure 3

 Absorption of Space Heat and Moisture Gains AC usually reduces to determining the quantity of moist air that must supplied and the condition it must have to remove given amounts of energy and water Sensible heat gain addition of energy only

Figure 4

 Heating or Cooling of Air without moisture gain or loss straight line on psychrometric chart since humidity ratio is constant

Figure 5

 Cooling and Dehumidifying Air Moist air brought down below its dew point temperature some of the water will condense and leaves the air stream Assume condensed water is cooled to the final air temperature before draining from the system

Figure 6 Cooling and Dehumidifying Air

 Cooling and Dehumidifying Air Moist air brought down below its dew point temperature some of the water will condense and leaves the air stream Assume condensed water is cooled to the final air temperature before draining from the system Cooling and dehumidifying process involves both sensible heat transfer and latent heat transfer where sensible heat transfer is associated with the decrease in dry-bulb temperature and the latent heat transfer is associated with the decrease in humidity ratio.

Figure 7

Figure 8

Figure 9 Adiabatic Mixing of Moist Air with Injected Water

Figure 10

 Approximate Equations Using Volume Flow Rates Since volumes of air change need to make calculations with mass of dry air instead of volume. But volumetric flow rates define selection of fans, ducts, coils, etc. Use volume while still considering mass by using volume rates based on standard air conditions Dry air at 20 oC and 101.325 kPa (68 oF and 14.7 psia) Density is 1.204 kg/m3 (0.075 lb/ft3) dry air Specific volume is 0.83 m3/kg (13.3 ft3/lb) dry air Saturated air at 15 oC has about same density and volume Need to convert actual volumetric flow conditions to standard Say you need 1,000 cfm outside air rate at standard conditions Outside measured at 35 oC dry bulb and 23.8 oC wet bulb corresponding to a specific volume of 14.3 ft3/lb. The actual flow rate would be 1,000 (14.3/13.3) = 1,080 cfm 1,000/13.3 = 1,080/14.3 = mass rate (lb/min) of moist air

 Sensible heat gain corresponding to the change of drybulb temperature for a given airflow (at standard ASHRAE conditions) qs = Q(1.204)(1.00+1.872) t Where: qs = Sensible Heat Gain (Watt) Q = Airflow (L/s) 1.204 = Density of standard dry air. Kg/m3 1.00 = Specific Heat of dry air kJ/(kg.K) 1.872 = Specific Heat of water vapor kJ/(kg.K) W = Humidity ratio, mass of water per mass of dry t = Temperature difference

 Latent heat gain corresponding to the change of humidity ratio W for a given airflow (at standard conditions). The latent heat gain in Watts (Btu/h) as a result of a difference in humidity ratio W between the incoming and leaving air flowing at standard conditions.

 Total heat gain corresponding to the change of dry-bulb temperature and humidity ratio W for a given airflow (at standard conditions). The total heat gain in Watts (Btu/h) as a result of a difference in enthalpy h between the incoming and leaving air flowing at standard conditions.

 Single-Path Systems Simplest form of all-air HVAC system serving a single temperature control zone Responds to one set of space conditions, where conditions vary uniformly and the load is stable. Schematic of system return fan necessary under certain conditions of p. Need for reheat necessary to control humidity independent of the temperature requirements. Equations for single-path systems air supplied must be adequate to take care of each rooms peak load conditions. Peak loads may be governed by sensible or latent room cooling loads, heating loads, outdoor air requirements, air motion, and exhaust. let us look at each of these loads and what air volume is required to satisfy these demands.

 Single-Path Systems - schematic

Figure 11

 Single-Path Systems equations for supply air

 Single-Path Systems supply air for ventilation 1. Supply air for ventilation needed when the amount of outside air is not adequate 2. Supply air not adequate for the amount of exhaust makeup required no return air comes from the room and entire volume of make-up ventilation air becomes an outside air burden to system 3. Desired air exchange rate not satisfied supply air is determined 4. Desired air movement not satisfied, based on area index parameter, K. Each of the above conditions are used at different times Case 1 when outside air governs, Cases 3 and 4 when air movement governs, and Case 2 when exhaust governs.

Each state point is identified both in summer and winter Change of t is result of sensible heat loss or gain, qS Change in W is result of latent heat loss or gain, gL All return air is assumed to pass from the room through a hung-ceiling return air plenum Supply air CFMS at the fan discharge temperature tsf (summer mode) absorbs the transmitted supply duct heat qsd and supply air fan velocity pressure energy qsf,vp thereby raising the temperature to ts

 Room supply air absorbs room sensible and latent heat qSR and qLR along the room sensible heat factor (SHR) line sR, reaching the desired room state, tR and WR.

 Room (internal) sensible loads which determine the CFMs consist of:

 Single-Path Systems Psychrometric Representation

Single-Path Systems Psychrometric Representation

Single-Path Systems Psychrometric Representation

 Single-Path System Sensible Heat Factor (Ratio) Sensible heat factor (ratio), SHF or SHR=ratio of sensible heat for a process to the total of sensible and latent heat for the process. The sensible and latent combined is referred to as the total heat On psychrometric chart, the protractor provides this ratio and may be used to establish the process line for changes in the conditions of the air across the room or the conditioner on the chart The supply air to a conditioned space must have the capability to offset both the rooms sensible and latent heat loads. Connecting the room and supply points with a straight line provides the sensible heat factor condition. The conditioner provides the simultaneous cooling and dehumidifying that occurs. Horizontal line would be SHF = 0.0 (only sensible) Line with SHF = 0.5 would be half sensible and half latent

 Single-Path System Example 2

 Single-Path System Example 2 Sensible and latent loads given Room Conditions: (75 oF and 55% RH) Supply at 58 oF Outside Conditions: 96 oF DB, 77 oF WB and 20% of total flow

 Single-Path System Psyc

b.

Marine Auxiliary Support System

THANK YOU
FOR YOUR ATTENTION

58