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Evolution of Complex Systems Lecture 8: politics and law Peter Andras / Bruce Charlton Objectives society Self-model: politics the legal system of politics: the legal human communications Specialized behavioural patterns: human language Specialized brain sub-systems: language understanding and production human languages define human societies politics - early times Tribes: Everybody participates in the decision making E.g., what to do (hunt, move, etc.), how to interpret the environment (flooding, attack by animals,
Evolution of Complex Systems Lecture 8: politics and law Peter Andras / Bruce Charlton Objectives society Self-model: politics the legal system of politics: the legal human communications Specialized behavioural patterns: human language Specialized brain sub-systems: language understanding and production human languages define human societies politics - early times Tribes: Everybody participates in the decision making E.g., what to do (hunt, move, etc.), how to interpret the environment (flooding, attack by animals,
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Evolution of Complex Systems Lecture 8: politics and law Peter Andras / Bruce Charlton Objectives society Self-model: politics the legal system of politics: the legal human communications Specialized behavioural patterns: human language Specialized brain sub-systems: language understanding and production human languages define human societies politics - early times Tribes: Everybody participates in the decision making E.g., what to do (hunt, move, etc.), how to interpret the environment (flooding, attack by animals,
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peter.andras@ncl.ac.uk bruce.charlton@ncl.ac.uk Objectives Society Self-model: political system Politics Self-model of politics: the legal system The legal system Human communications Specialized behavioural patterns: human language Specialized brain sub-systems: language understanding and production Human languages Society Many organisms act as communication units Society = system of communications between organisms Human society = system of human communications Human languages define human societies Politics – early times Tribes: everybody participates in the decision making E.g., what to do (hunt, move, etc.), how to interpret the environment (flooding, attack by animals, etc.) Tribe leaders lead the decision making process Politics – advanced tribes E.g.,large migratory tribes (huns, gepides, etc.) Fighters (action), priests/shamans (perception) specialize in decision making Politics – early states Egypt, Greek city states, etc. Fighters, priests, administrators Administration: system of rules about decision making (e.g., selection of the ruler) Politics – early large states E.g.,Rome, China Large and stable Elaborated rules of politics Large administration Politics – large integrated states E.g., England – 17th-18th century, Germany – 19th century, France – 17th- 18th century Complicated system of political decision making Institutionalized and uniform legal system Parliament, parties, public administration Politics – democratic states E.g.,US, north-west Europe Parties, elections, rule of law Constitution, professional large public administration Politics – 1 Description of the system of human communications E.g., describes how to interpret environmental events, how to act, how to allocate resources (communications) within the society Politics – 2 Actions: what to do, how to distribute human resources E.g., where to build what Politics – 3 Perception: collecting information about what is happening in the society / environment E.g., collecting and interpreting information about the natural resources Political power Power: decide on actions and perceptions Power: ability to determine what should be referred to in the context of communications about resources Communications in politics –1 Politician talk: subset of society Everybody participates E.g., voting in elections, participation in political organizations, meetings, etc. Communications in politics –2 Specialistlanguage: sharper communication rules The sentences should be relevant from the point of view of power: who does what – action & perception / interpretation Referencing in politics Politicalcommunications refer mostly to other political communications E.g., the voting communications refers to earlier political communications by party representatives The logic of power Communications in politics follow the logic of power Does the communication lead to more power, preservation of power, avoiding the reduction of power – in expectation Political communications – communications that can be understood in the context of logic of power Political system Allsocial communications organized around the logic of power Communications that follow the referencing rules of politics, referencing rules are determined by the logic of power Communications about the society and power: model of the society The boundary of politics Dense communications / referencing within politics / rare referencing to non-political communications The boundary is determined by the logic of power, communications are part of politics if they follow the logic of power Actions of politics Politicalcommunication patterns that act upon the environment / society E.g., set of political communications leading to the building of a highway Perceptions of politics Changes in the political communications with respect to expectations E.g., local power talk leads to changing voting behaviour in an MP Meaningful communications Refers to other political communications Provides reference for further political communications Follows the rules of political communications Meaningless communications Communications that do not lead to continuations E.g., anarchist communications Revolutions Communications about power but do not follow the established continuation rules of the actual political system E.g., revolutionary politics in 1917 Extension and reproduction Politicalcommunications are generated to maintain/reproduce and expand the political system The system boundaries are within the society Overgrowing is bad The political system should fit the society that is modelled by it Over expansion of politics Ignoring the general communication rules of the society Domination of the society E.g., communism, everything becomes a political issue Individuals and politics Everybody performs as communication unit for the political system The political communications of communications units may differ significantly (e.g., cast or class system) There are some units which produce large amount of communications that are part of the political system politicians The state The organizational context of the political system Makes politics more structured Societies with elaborate states are likely to be more complex Professional politics Communication units specializing in political communications They follow the fine details of the political communication rules They generate the largest part of the political system E.g., parties, Parliament Political institutions Institutions: systematic rule sets that channel political communications and provide meaning for them by making them refer to the rules of the institution E.g., speech in the Parliament vs. speech at home Political institutions compose the state Sub-systems of politics Specialist political communications They may form by the establishment of corresponding political institutions The same institutional framework may lead to the formation of several sub-systems E.g., parties, Parliament, elections Parties Specialized political communications about power in some particular power paradigm (i.e., particular set of communication rules) E.g., socialist, liberal, conservative Parties develop together with ideologies Elections An institutional context for low level political communications; add content to simple communication acts (i.e., voting) It is about choosing the best fitting model of the society Parliament Institutional framework for high level political communications Parties are represented according to election results The dominant party or coalition represents the currently valid interpretation of the society model by making legislation about the society and power distribution within the society Laws Rules regulating the distribution of power Refer to actions and perceptions of the political system Laws are made in the Parliament E.g., laws regulating elections, highway constructions, penal procedures, etc. Regulations Rules of power distribution in various organizations (e.g., schools, companies) Refer to actions and perceptions of the power system of the organization Legal communications Communications about the rules of power distribution They are modelling the political system Describe how the power distribution / the political system works Examples Rightsof participation in politics Criminal justice Disputes between neighbours Legal communications - types Making the laws Interpreting the laws Applying the laws Complementing and modifying the laws The legal system Laws and communications about and referring to laws Legal logic: legal or illegal Legal system - language System language defined by the applicability of the legal logic A communication is part of the legal system if it can be assessed / referred in legal / illegal terms The boundary Dense communications / references to other legal communications Rare references to other communications E.g., lawyers, judges discussing the application and interpretation of the law Actions Legal communications that lead to changes of the model of power distribution; e.g., application of the law that solves a previously unresolved issue, new legislation They should fit the logic of legal / illegal in the context of the existing legal system, refer to other communications (e.g., laws) and provide basis for new communications Perceptions Changes in the political system / power distribution system lead to changes in legal communications These changes may trigger modified actions of the legal system E.g., extension of voting rights Meaningful Communications that fit the legal system and contribute to further extension of it E.g., good application of laws, rule of law Meaningless Communications that do not fit the rules of the legal system E.g., revolutionary legislation (confiscation of property), corrupt judicial process Lead to the destruction of the legal system Individuals and the legal system Everybody participates by having legal communications E.g., buying a house There are specialist communication units which do legal communications professionally, e.g., lawyers, judges The model of the state The state is the institutional framework of politics (model of the society) The state is described by the constitution Constitutional law is the self-model of the legal system: describes how law making / changing happens Summary – 1 Political communications Logic of power Political system: model of the society Political institutions Problems related to politics Summary – 2 Laws – Parliament Legal communications Legal system: model of the political system Constitution Q&A – 1 1. Is it true that everybody participates in the political system ? 2. Is it true that the collection of census data is an action of the political system ? 3. Is it true that a new higher education policy is an action of the political system ? 4. Is it true that elections are meaningless in a democratic political system ? What about in a one-party system ? Q&A – 2 5. Is it true that parties are professional institutions in the political system ? 6. Is it true that political institutions add implicit meaning to communications by sharpening the continuation distributions ? 7. Is it true that judges create actions of the legal system ? Do they create also perceptions of it ?