Wireless Systems

Appendix A Wireless Technologies

Tomasz Halapacz

Wireless Technologies
Wireless Personal Area Networks Wireless Local Area Network Wireless Metropolitan Area Network Wireless Wide Area Network

WWAN 802.16e-802.20 WMAN 802.16

Varies in terms of transmission range

Up to 1m from 1m to 10m From 10 to 500m From 500 to 20-50 km Beyond 50km

WLAN 802.11
WPAN 802.15

Image Source: http://static.commentcamarche.net/en.kioskea.net/pictures/wireless-imageswpan-wlan-wman-wwan.png

WPANs
Low cost Low power Short distance High Data Rate Peer discovery is essential Initially adopted Bluetooth but inefficient UltraWideband is promising:
broader spectrum, lower power, and pulsed data

WPAN
Bluetooth ZigBee Infrared

WLAN
A WLAN provides a wider range of connectivity with higher data rate than that of WPAN and WBAN
Infrastructure mode: requires an AP and provide access to Internet backbone Ad hoc mode: peer-to-peer communication

Typical applications: hot spots, buildings

Requirements of a WLAN
High capacity Full connectivity among the attached nodes Broadcasting capability

WLAN

WMAN
WMAN provides a broadband and fast access (higher data rate) with even wider range than that of WLAN IEEE802.16: WIMAX
Support multiple services simultaneously with QoS Support multiple frequency allocation (2-66GHz) Point-to-multipoint topology with mesh extension
BS is connected to public networks BS serves subscriber stations (building, residence) IPv4, IPv6, ATM, ETHERNET

Link adaptation Support for advanced antenna systems

Wireless Medium
Remote connectivity anywhere
Radio waves Sattelites Microwave Laser [free space optics]

Wireless uses
Common examples of wireless devices include:
Cellular phones and pagers Global positioning systems (GPS) Cordless computer peripherals Home-entertainment Two-way radios Satellite television

Wireless vs Mobile
Mobile means the technology can travel with the user, but it is not necessarily in real-time(Rumney, 2009 Wireless gives users a live (Internet) connection via satellite or radio transmitters (Holma, 2010)

MOBILITY ASPECTS
FIXED

NOMADIC

MOBILE

can be accessed everywhere

Image Source: http://www.hyperarts.com/san-francisco-bay-area-designcompany/_img/broadstorm_lg.jpg

Introduction to MOBILE BROADBAND

Mobile broadband
High speed data service Mobility BroadBand Mobile Broadband also known as 3G

Background
1G

voice

2G

voice + data

voice and data simultaneously

2.5G

3G

Voice + Highspeed data

Background
CDMA code division multiple access Popular in USA 3GPP2
GSM global system for mobile communications Popular in Europe 3GPP

 Technologies used in Mobile Broadband

2G - GSM
GPRS 2.5G EDGE 2.75G

Technology

3G
UMTS/WCDMA
HSPA LTE 3.5G

4G?
Mobile WiMAX LTE-Advanced
(3GPP, 2010)

3G/UMTS/WCDMA
Air Interface for 3G evolution Services Available
Music TV and video Entertainment content Internet access

offers data speeds up to 384kb/s along with voice services.

HSPA/HSPA+
HSPA- High Speed Packet Access
HSDPA - High Speed Downlink Packet Access HSUPA - High Speed Uplink Packet Access HSPA+/HSPA Evolved
Max 14.4 Mbps download and 5.7Mbps Upload

up to 21Mbps

4G
4G mobile broadband will be capable of speeds between 100Mbps and 1Gbps available in both outdoor and indoor environments. 4G broadband will be fully IP-based over a fully integrated system.

http://www.laptopmag.com/uploadedImages/Multimedia_Assets/Images/2008/ Advice/warpspeedwireless_sh.jpg

www.goingwimax.com/wp-content/uploads/wimax-vs-lte1.jpg

WiMAX Available today OFDM Separate evolution Mobility 120km/h No roaming

LTE UK 2014 OFDM GSM Evolution (3GPP) Mobility 350km/h Roaming Lower power comsumption LTE- Advanced up to 1Gbs

LTE DEPLOYMETS

blue marker to show actual deployment red marker show commitments

LTE WORLDWIDE MAP http://ltemaps.org

Characteristics
User perspective:
Coverage Capacity Speed

Coverage and speed

Dependants:
Distance from mobile tower Number of people online in same area Other obstacle like tall & high buildings, room walls & trees You can check coverage for all of the providers

http://consumers.ofcom.org.uk/2009/08/mobilebroadband-coverage-checker/

Factors to consider
What you will be using mobile broadband for? Download allowance Coverage Contract/Pay and Go? Cost

Providers
Vodafone mobile broadband T-Mobile broadband Orange mobile broadband 3 mobile broadband O2 mobile broadband

Speed in UK

Number of Speed Tests: 11,348 Average Download Speed: 1.24Mbps http://www.broadband-expert.co.uk/broadband/speedtest/results/mobilebroadband-average-speeds/

VIDEO
The Evolution of Mobile broadband by ST Ericsson

Introduction to Microwave
Microware transmitter uses the atmosphere or outer space as the transmission medium to send a signal to a microwave receiver which passes it on to another transmitter or translates the signal to some other form such as digital impulses.

Microwave
Secure Reliable Cost effective solution for long distance connectivity (up to 70miles)

WiMax Overview
Enable standards-based broadband wireless services in
residential, commercial, industrial government applications

Wimax vs Requirements for High speed Broadband

Easy-to-use Affordable Works on variety user device form-factors Supports multiple usage models Deliver broadband experience similar to fixed Supports different operator types Global roaming

Benefits
Wimax Coverage

Wimax High Speed

Multi-functionality within Wimax Technology

Why Wimax
Delivers wireless broadband anytime, anywhere Internet technology from the ground up

One common standard delivers a global platform for mobile Internet services
Delivers the highest capacity and greatest throughput at the lowest cost OFDMA

WiMAX
WiMAX - is a telecommunications technology aimed at providing wireless data over long distances in a variety of ways, from point-to-point links to full mobile cellular type access A WiMAX system consists of two parts:
A WiMAX tower
A WiMAX receiver

WiMax Connection
A WiMAX tower station can connect directly to the Internet using a highbandwidth, wired connection (for example, a fibre line).

It can also connect to another WiMAX tower using a line-of-sight, microwave link.

http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/wimax-diagram.gif

Laser Technology
Free Space Optics

Laser Benefits
Leased line replacement Cost Effective Fibre replacement High bandwidths available up to 10 Gigabit Licence free operation Cost effective solution Rapid deployment less than a day

Laser Disadvantages
Dispersion Atmospheric absorption Attenuation (rain, fog,snow,smog)

Laser
Laser link solutions Access range: up to 155Mbps, up to 4000 metres Gigabit range: up to 1.5Gbps, up to 1500 metres

Case Study
Siemens researchers have improved on their own record for wireless data transfer using white LED light. In collaboration with the Heinrich Hertz Institute in Berlin, they have achieved a data transfer rate of up to 500 megabits per second (Mbit/s), significantly bettering the previous record of 200 Mbit/s

Satellite Communication

Sattelite Communication

Using a satellite for long distance communications

http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/satellite/communications_satellite/satellite communications-basics-tutorial.php

SATTELITE TECHNOLOGIES
Location-based services (LBS)
GPS - Global Positioning System GIS - Geographic information system

Global Positioning System (GPS)

Geographic information system (GIS)

Common GIS uses: Finding what is nearby Routing information Information alerts Mapping densities high crime areas for police Mapping quantities: number of similar businesses in an area

http://appserver.mnre.go.th/portals/cict/gis/gis_service/cict_gis_service.files/gissolutions-wheel.gif

Sensors

 Radio frequency identification (RFID) - use active or passive tags in the form of chips or smart labels that can store unique identifiers and relay this information to electronic readers RFID tag - contains a microchip and an antenna, and typically work by transmitting a serial number via radio waves to an electronic reader, which confirms the identity of a person or object bearing the tag

RFID

Cons and Pros

Advantage: extremely low cost, large experience, high volume available, no power for passive RFIDs needed, large variety of products, Disadvantage: no QoS, simple denial of service,

RFID Functionality
Function
Standard: In response to a radio interrogation signal from a reader (base station) the RFID tags transmit their ID Enhanced: additionally data can be sent to the tags, different media access schemes (collision avoidance)
No line-of sight required (compared to, e.g., laser scanners) RFID tags withstand difficult environmental conditions (sunlight, cold, frost, dirt etc.) Products available with read/write memory, smartcard capabilities

Features

RFID Applications
Applications
Total asset visibility: tracking of goods during manufacturing, localization of pallets, goods etc. Loyalty cards: customers use RFID tags for payment at, e.g., gas stations, collection of buying patterns Automated toll collection: RFIDs mounted in windshields allow commuters to drive through toll plazas without stopping Others: access control, animal identification, tracking of hazardous material, inventory control, warehouse management, ...

Benefit
Local Positioning Systems
GPS useless indoors or underground, problematic in cities with high buildings RFID tags transmit signals, receivers estimate the tag location by measuring the signals time of flight

REFERENCES:
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