Intermolecular Forces a.k.a.

Van der Waals Forces

Intermolecular Forces (IMF)

Electrostatic forces BETWEEN molecules Involve molecules that are polar or those in which polarity can be induced Affect
Evaporation of a liquid Condensation of a gas Boiling point of a liquid Melting point of a solid Solubility

IMF of Polar Molecules

Dipole-Dipole Forces
Polar molecules have a positive end and a negative end. Duh! Dipole-dipole forces are the attractions between positive and negative ends of respective molecules. For polar molecules, the greater the forces of attraction between molecules, the greater the energy that must be supplied to separate them, causing: Higher boiling points and melting points

Ion-Dipole Forces
Results from attraction between the negative end of a polar molecule with a cation and/or positive end of a polar molecule with an anion Strength depends on the charge and size of the ion, magnitude of dipole moment, and size of the molecule Cations generally interact more strongly than anions due to charge concentrations Hydration Aqueous NaCl Na+ attracted to partial negative charge on water molecule Cl- attracted to partial positive charge on water molecule

Hydrogen Bonding
An attraction between the hydrogen atom of an XH bond and Y, where X and Y are atoms of highly electronegative elements and Y has a lone pair of electrons. Most often observed with molecules involving O, N, or F bound to H Affects boiling points

IMF of Polar and Nonpolar Molecules

Dipole/Induced Dipole Forces

Polar molecules can induce a dipole in a nonpolar molecule Occurs as electron cloud becomes distorted and electrons become rearranged in space Polarizability = how easy it is to distort the electron cloud of an atom or molecule Greater value for atoms with larger electron clouds (i.e. Higher principle quantum numbers)

IMF of Nonpolar Molecules

Induced Dipole/Induced Dipole Forces

When the atoms of two nonpolar molecules approach each other, attractions or repulsions between their electrons and nuclei can also lead to distortions in their electron clouds. The result is that dipoles can be induced momentarily and intermolecular attractions can occur. These forces are called London dispersion forces.

Common for all molecules, but they are the only explanation we have for nonpolar-nonpolar interactions!

Other Types of IMF

Network Covalent Bonds

3-D array of covalently bonded atoms Have no discrete molecular units Exhibit high melting points and hardness Network covalent bonds of carbon produce diamonds
Diamonds are a girls best friend!

Metallic Bonding
Occurs when an atom achieves a more stable configuration by sharing electrons Delocalized electrons belong to all atoms and allow metals to be malleable or ductile.