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Analysis of Data and report writing by naresh singh. He explains the different types of reports. A decision report is an analysis and synthesis of an integrated decision or recommendation or both. Decision report adopts the following six steps of the problem solving approach in a sequence.
Analysis of Data and report writing by naresh singh. He explains the different types of reports. A decision report is an analysis and synthesis of an integrated decision or recommendation or both. Decision report adopts the following six steps of the problem solving approach in a sequence.
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Analysis of Data and report writing by naresh singh. He explains the different types of reports. A decision report is an analysis and synthesis of an integrated decision or recommendation or both. Decision report adopts the following six steps of the problem solving approach in a sequence.
Авторское право:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Доступные форматы
Скачайте в формате PPT, PDF, TXT или читайте онлайн в Scribd
Types of Reports Writing / Preparing a Report Presenting the Report Proposal of the Study Descriptive title of the study Names of authors and their background Nature of study which covers: (i. Problem to be examined, ii. Significance and need for the study, iii. Background information available, iv. Scope of the study – extent and limitation and v. To whom it will be useful) Hypothesis, if any, to be tested Data which covers: (i. Sources, ii. Collection procedure and iii. Methodology for analysis Equipments and facilities required Timeframe action plan which covers: (i. For library research, ii. Primary research, iii. Data organization and analysis, iv. Outlining the report, v. First draft, vi. Final draft Tentative chapter plan Budget estimates Bibliography Types of Project Report
Information / Description Oriented Report
Decision Oriented Report
Research Oriented Report
Types of Project Report Information / Description Oriented Report First step of a project study is to understand the existing situation Seven Questions (6 Ws + 1H) help to convey a comprehensive picture of such project Subject / Object Action Reason
Who? What? Why?
Whom? When? Where? How? WHO does WHAT to WHOM, WHEN, WHERE, HOW and WHY? Types of Project Report: Decision Oriented Report After understanding the existing situation, decision report is the second stage of a project study to understand the problems of an organisation (Company) or programme (HRM) or both. It is an analysis and synthesis of an integrated decision or recommendation or both. It is not a form filling exercise which can result a superficial analysis and a report. An attractive package does not necessarily mean a good product. A concrete report will only help the executive, administrator or manager be able to solve the problem of organisation / programme. Decision report adopts the following six steps of the problem solving approach in a sequence. 1) Identifying the problem 2) Constructing the criteria 3) Generating and evaluating the options 4) Making a decision 5) Drawing up an action plan 6) Working out a contingency plan 1. Identifying the Problem Problem is the beginning and end of a decision making. If you start with a wrong problem you will only solve a non- existing problem or create a new problem. In defining the problem identify the following elements: i) What is the situation and what should it be? This question sets the overall objective for the problem.
ii) What are symptoms and what are the causes?
iii) What is the central issue and what are the sub- ordinate issues?
iv) What are the decision areas and what needs to be
done immediately, in the short-term, medium-term or long-term? 2. Constructing the Criteria Criteria link the problem definition with the option generation and evaluation. In constructing the criteria, SWOT analysis is useful which in turn help in evaluating the options against the feasibility of implementation. While constructing the criteria, ensure and explicitly clarify the following: i) The criteria arise out of the problem definition and are not independent of it. ii) They are measurable or observable as much as possible. However, non-quantifiable criteria are not ignored merely because they cannot be quantified. iii) They are prioritized and tradeoffs are recognized. iv) They encompass a holistic view – economics, personal, organizational, and societal considerations. V) They are not loaded or one-sided. Both pro and con aspects are considered. 3. Generating and Evaluating Options Sometimes options are obvious, but most of the time creativity is required. Generate the options, shortlist them, ranked by priority / probability of meeting the objectives that are identified in the problem definition. Then options are evaluated against the criteria and possible implications in implementation without losing track of the main objective of what the situation should be. Evaluation process demands logical and critical thinking. Finally, presentation of evaluation is structured by criteria or options depending upon which structure is easy to understand. 4. Making a Decision
The decision or recommendation flows out of the
evaluation of the options.
The recommendation should be an adequate
response to the problem and implementable. 5. Drawing up an Action Plan
The action steps and their consequences should be
visualized to avoid being caught unawares.
Be clear of who does what, when, where and how
(futuristic scenario of problem solving steps). 6. Working Out a Contingency Plan
The contingency plan must emerge from the action
plan.
There is a need to think of how to achieve the second
best objective if the first one is not feasible. Types of Project Report: Research Oriented Report It is used for the growth of discipline. It paves the way for new information, significant hypotheses and innovative / rigorous methods of research and measurement. Research report has the following components:
1) Literature survey to find gaps in knowledge
2) Nature and scope of the study, hypothesis to be tested / its significance and utility of the study 3) Methodology for collecting data, conducting the experiment and analysing the data 4) Description and analysis of the experiment and data 5) Findings 6) Conclusion 7) Recommendations 8) Suggestions for further research 9) Backup evidence and data Some Points to Understand for Preparing Project Report Forward
Written by someone other than the author. Must be an
authority on the subject or the sponsor of the project
Preface
Written by the author to indicate how the subject was
chosen, its importance and need, focus of the report contents, purpose and audience. At the end of the Preface the author’s name should be given on the right side. On the left side, address / place of writing the preface and date appear. Name, address, place and date are put in Italics. Some Points to Understand for Preparing Project Report Acknowledgements
Acknowledge the name of your sponsor, Course Director,
Stream Director, Institute’s Director / Faculty Members / other staff, your colleague / parents / children / friend and finally your supervisor’s name. Don’t mention unnecessary name. Author’s name appears in Italics in the right-hand corner.
Abbreviations / Acronyms
Put in alphabetical order, only one in each line. Followings
are the example. AMT Achievement Motivation Training ICFAI Institute of Chartered and Financial Analysts of India Some Points to Understand for Preparing Project Report Executive Summary of the Report
A report should be with an abstract or an executive summary to
help the busy Researcher or Executive to get gist of the report. The summary should highlight the following essential information.
a) What is the study about?
b) What is the extent and limitation of the coverage? c) What is the significance and need for the study? d) What kind of data has been used? e) What research methodology has been used? f) What are the findings and conclusions? g) What are the incidental findings, if any? h) How can the conclusions be used and by whom i) What are the recommendations and the suggested action plan? Some Points to Understand for Preparing Project Report Quotations
Double quotation marks “……..” are used for Direct Narration.
Single quotations within the double quotations are used for directly quoted passage or words / phrase or to emphasis the things. Quotation should be original in wording, spelling and punctuation. Quotations up to three typewritten lines are run into the text otherwise there should be in separate paragraph. Quotation can be used with Omission (… three dots for some words, a line of dots for whole paragraph). Quotation must give author’s surname in bracket alone with the year of publication and pages numbers. Some Points to Understand for Preparing Project Report Footnotes
Either indicate the source of reference or provide an
explanation. Numbering in serial. 1, 2, 3, etc. Footnotes may be at the bottom of the page or end of the text (Endnotes)
Exhibits
Drawing, pictures, case-lets etc. are put in exhibits.
Some Points to Understand for Preparing Project Report Appendices Original data, long tables, long quotations, supportive legal decisions, laws, legal documents, illustrative material, extensive computations, questionnaire / letters, schedule or forms used in collecting data, case studies, / histories and transcripts of interviews go to the appendices. These can be numbered 1, 2, 3, etc. These can be referred in the text (see Appendix 1). Glossary English usage of local terminology used in the report. Followings are the example. Jajmani System: A type of barter system in India used for exchange of goods & services among the socio- economically higher castes and lower castes. Onam: Paddy harvesting festival celebrated in Kerala State in India Bibliography Must be in alphabetical orders with the surname of the first author. Where there is no author Name of the Publishing Organization should come first (United Nations Development Programme, World Bank etc.) Styles are follows: Adams, Dale W. and Von J.D. Pischke (1992). Micro-Enterprise Credit Programs. World Development, 20 (10), Pp. 1463-1470. (Article Published in Journal) Aiyar, Shahnaz Anklesaria (1997). Women and Micro Credit: Can a Mantra Deliver Empowerment? Times of India, 26 February. (Article Published in Newspaper) Asian Development Bank (1985). Improving Domestic Resource Mobilisation through Financial Development. Manila, Asian Development Bank. (Study sponsor by Organisation) Bailey, F.G. (1963). Capital, Saving and Credit in Highland Orissa India. in Raymond Firth and B.S. Yamey (eds.) Capital Saving and Credit in Peasant Societies. London, George Allen and Unwin Ltd. (Article published in edited book) Bouman, F. J. A. (1989). Small, Short and Unsecured: Informal Rural Finance in India. New Delhi, Oxford University Press. (Book) Format of a Project Report Cover and the Title Page Introductory Pages Table of Contents Forward Preface Acknowledgement List of Tables, Illustrations and figures Abbreviations / Acronyms Executive Summary of the Report Text Headings Quotations Footnotes Exhibits Reference Section Appendices Bibliography Glossary Presenting the Report Purpose (Informing, Selling, Exploring, Decision Making, Persuading, Changing Perception) Audience Media (Sound, Sight and Body language) Message (Emotional as well as Logical Meaning) Time Place (Room Dimension, Seating, Number of People, Space for Presentation, AV Equipments) Cost Audio-Visual Aids (Black Board, Bulleting Board, Flip Charts, Felt Board, OHP, Epidiascope, Slides, Film Strips, Films etc.)