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SS7 BASICS
OBJECTIVES::
To make audience aware of basics of Interoffice Basics of SS7. Applications of SS7. To prepare audience for a more detailed study of SS7 signaling.
Contents:
1. What
is a voice switch. 2. Need for inter switch signaling. 3. A brief description of Conventional Inter switch signaling 4. Need /advantages of SS7 5. Introduction to SS7 * SS7 layers v/s OSI * Message Signaling Units * SS7 User Parts * SS7 Network 6. Description of MTP and SCCP 7. Description of SS7 User Parts * ISUP * MAP,TCAP * BSSMAP , DTAP * INAP 8. Some Applications of SS7 * LNP ( Local Number Portability) * 800 Numbers * Seamless Roaming
Switch (703)
Local Loop signaling
619-xxxxxxx Signaling
619-xxxxxxx Signaling
Switch (619)
Local Loop signaling
Dials 619-xxxxxxx
User
User
Database query
Switch
Conventional routing
Destination Switch
1-800-etrade1
Need For Inter switch signaling To setup a Call Call supervision messages Call tear up / Call Clearing Non circuit related messages Database queries Billing Information Inter Switch Hand over Information
CONVENTIONAL SIGNALING
DC Signaling :
SF Signaling :
signals conveyed by Current , No Current states and by varying the duration of these states. Signals conveyed by sending In Band single frequency for different durations.
MF Signaling:
current , the distant Switch operates a relay to send this current back thus completing the
loop.The originating Switch considers this as Acknowledgement and Speech can be put through.DC signaling is essentially analog and cant be used for Digital networks .
One such signaling scheme is MFR2. This is a fully compelled signaling that is all the signals from one end should be acknowledged by the other.In such a type of signaling
the signaling information is conveyed for different time slots on a frame to frame basis on the same time slots that are eventually to be used for speech.
STP(NAT+INAT)
SP(nat)
Switch
SP (NAT)
Switch
STP (Nat)
STP(Nat)
SP (Nat)
Switch
SP Nat
Switch
NEED /ADVANTAGES OF SS7 Non Channel Associated Signaling Enhances Network through put More signaling Capability Non Circuit related messaging More addressing routing capability. ( SPC , GTT ,SSNs) Enhances reliability / redundancy Faster signaling rate (64/56 kpbs) Time sensitive Applications requiring fast , bulk signaling transfers become a reality
NEED /ADVANTAGES OF SS7 All conventional signaling schemes ( DC , SF , MF) are channel associated schemes.That is , the same channel is used for signaling and speech as well. In a typical telecom network not all the origination attempts mature into speech.For such attempted calls which dont reach the stage of active speech due to network or User related reasons ,speech trunks get unnecessarily occupied by control signals thereby reducing the channels actually available for Speech.SS7 signaling is carried over different channel/channels and even over different network/networks than that/those used by speech.This enhances network thorough put .
All the conventional signaling schemes discussed above ( DC, SF , MF) have limited signaling capabilities.The signaling capacity for these is limited by limited number of trunk states ( IDLE , SEIZED, ANSWER etc) conveyable by means of Current , No Current ,Tone , No tone setup. The Signaling capability for MF is limited by the fact that signaling information for a channel ( to be used for speech) is conveyed at the rate of 4/3 Bits in One PCM30 multi frame
Signaling Links SS7 messages are exchanged between network elements over 56
SP or STP 1
Link 1 SP link 2
Signalling link set
Route Set
The hardware and software functions of the SS7 protocol are divided into
functional abstractions called "levels". These levels map loosely to the Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) 7-layer model.
AH 4H 3H DATA Bits 2H
DATA DATA
AH 4H
DATA
2T DATA Bits
3H
2H
MSU
SU
SU
SF
SI
INFO CIC
LABEL O P SLS C
D P C
MESSAGE FLOW
SS7 Protocol Message Transfer Part The Message Transfer Part (MTP) is divided into three levels. The lowest level, MTP Level 1, is equivalent to the OSI Physical Layer. defines the physical, electrical, and functional characteristics of the digital signaling link. Physical interfaces defined include E-1(2048 kb/s), DS-1 (1544 kb/s) MTP Level 2 ensures accurate end-to-end transmission of a message across a signaling link. Level 2 implements flow control, message sequence validation, and error checking. When an error occurs on a signaling link, the message (or set of messages) is retransmitted. MTP Level 2 is equivalent to the OSI Data Link Layer.
SS7 Protocol Message Transfer Part MTP Level 3 provides message routing between signaling points in
SS7 Protocol
ISDN User Part (ISUP) The ISDN User Part (ISUP) defines the protocol used to set-up, manage, and release trunk circuits that carry voice and data between terminating line exchanges (e.g., between a calling party and a called party). ISUP is used for both ISDN and non-ISDN calls. Telephone User Part (TUP) Telephone User Part (TUP) is used to support basic call setup . TUP handles analog circuits only. ISUP has replaced TUP for call management.
SS7 Protocol
Signaling Connection Control Part (SCCP) SCCP provides connectionless and connection-oriented network services and global title translation (GTT) capabilities above MTP Level 3. A global title is an address which is translated by SCCP into a destination point code and subsystem number(SSN) A SSN uniquely identifies an application at the destination signaling point. SCCP is used as the transport layer for TCAP-based services.
SS7 Protocol
service.
Queries and responses sent between SSPs and SCPs are carried in TCAP messages.
TCAP carries Mobile Application Part (MAP) messages sent between mobile switches and databases to support user authentication, equipment identification, and roaming.
Message Transfer Part The Message Transfer Part (MTP) is divided into three levels. MTP Level 1 The lowest level, MTP Level 1, is equivalent to the OSI Physical Layer MTP Level 2 MTP Level 2 ensures accurate end-to-end transmission of a message across a signaling link, implements flow control, message sequence validation, and error checking. When an error occurs on a signaling link, the message (or set of messages) is retransmitted. MTP Level 2 is equivalent to the OSI Data Link layer An SS7 message is called a signal unit (SU). There are three kinds of signal units: Fill-In Signal Units (FISUs), Link Status Signal Units (LSSUs), and Message Signal Units (MSUs)
The link status is used to control link alignment and to indicate the status
point.
Message Signal Units (MSUs) carry all call control, database query and
response, network management, and network maintenance data in the signaling information field (SIF).
0
1..2 3..63
Signal unit (SU). LI (Length Indicator) 6-bit LI can store values between zero and 63.
If the number of octets which follow the LI and precede the CRC is
less than 63, the LI contains this number. Otherwise, the LI is set to 63. An LI of 63 indicates that the message length is equal to or greater than
Signal unit (SU). Flag Flag indicates the beginning of a new signal unit and implies the end of the previous signal unit (if any). Binary value of the flag is 0111 1110. Before transmitting a signal unit, MTP Level 2 removes "false flags" by adding a zero-bit after any sequence of five one-bits. any zero-bit following a sequence of five one-bits to restore the original contents of the message.
Upon receiving a signal unit and stripping the flag, MTP Level 2 removes
Signal unit (SU). BSN (Backward Sequence Number) Used to acknowledge the receipt of signal units by the remote signaling point. BSN contains the sequence number of the signal unit being acknowledged. BIB (Backward Indicator Bit) BIB indicates a negative acknowledgment by the remote signaling point when toggled. FSN (Forward Sequence Number) The FSN contains the sequence number of the signal unit. FIB (Forward Indicator Bit) The FIB is used in error recovery like the BIB.
BSN=6
Signal unit (SU). SIO (Service Information Octet) The SIO field in an MSU contains the 4-bit Subservice field followed by the 4-bit Service indicator.
Signal unit (SU). Service indicator Specifies the MTP user, thereby allowing the decoding of the information contained in the SIF. Service Indicator 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 MTP User Signaling Network Management Message (SNM) Maintenance Regular Message (MTN) Spare Signalling Connection Control Part (SCCP) Telephone User Part(TUP) ISDN User Part (ISUP) Data User Part (call and circuit-related messages)
MTP Level 3
signal units.
Routing label is comprised of the destination point code (DPC), originating point code (OPC), and signaling link selection (SLS)
field.
MTP Level 3 Message routing Points codes are numeric addresses which uniquely identify each signaling point in the SS7 network. When the destination point code in a message indicates the receiving signaling point, the message is distributed to the appropriate user part
(like an STP).
The selection of outgoing link is based on information in the DPC and SLS.
services above MTP Level 3. While MTP Level 3 provides point codes
to allow messages to be addressed to specific signaling points, SCCP provides subsystem numbers to allow messages to be addressed to
Global Title
SCCP performs Translation function on Global Title ,SCCP provides routing function ,which maps a called address to the Signalling Point Code of the MTP service.
AI Address Information NA Nature of Address
TCAP C A AD LD LR EE DS S
MAP
Global Title
NP
SSN
SCCP
TT
MTP
SCCP SCCP Message Format Service Indicator of the Service Information Octet (SIO) is coded 3 (binary 0011) for SCCP. SCCP messages are contained within the Signaling Information Field (SIF) of an MSU. SIF contains the routing label followed by the SCCP message contents
SIF SIO
MSU
SCCP Message
INFORMATION
LABEL
SI = 0011
SF
User Data
Calling Add
Called Add
Message Code
Routing Label
STP
<1> IAM 6> A C M
STP
<>4 ACM <3>IAM
<9> ANM
858
Calling party Exchange Calling party dials 703-xxxxxxx
703
Called party Exchange <4*> <7*> Called party is called party ans sent ring
STP
<6> RLC
STP
<1> REL
858
703
Called party Exchange <7> Speech Channel is Cleared
SUS
A party Switch Starts a Timer and starts waiting for RES
RES REL
TIMER EXPIRES
RLC
FCS
SIF
SIO
LI
Routing Label
Message Type
IAM (Initial address message ) *SAM ( Subsequent Address Message) INR (Information request Message) INF ( Information) ACM ( Address Complete Message) ANM ( Answer) REL( Release) SUS ( Suspend ) RES( Resume) RLC (Release Complete) RSC( Reset Circuit) BLO (Blocking) UBL (Unblocking) BLA(Blocking acknowledgement) UBA( Unblocking Acknowledgement) CFN ( Confusion Message) CRG ( Charging Information)
WHAT IS TCAP
Transaction Capability Application part is a SCCP user which provides for reliable means of information transfer between higher end SS7 applications( MAP , INAP) requiring non circuit related and connectionless transactions.TCAP was originally meant for database accesses . TCAP Highlights Non circuit related messages Connectionless services Database Queries/updates (HLR/VLR, LNP , 800 numbers, LIDB, prepaid ) End to End signaling Remote feature activation ( roaming scenario)
TCAP HIGHLIGHTS
TCAP makes use of the connectionless services of SCCP .TID and IID(Transaction IDs and Invoke IDs ) are used as references. * Transaction * Invoke operation * Return result * return error
EMBEDED TCAP MESSAGE APPLICATION Primitives (dialog and components) TCAP USER DATA USER DATA SIF
CRC SIF SIO LI FIB FSN BIB BSN Flag ROUTING LABEL
SCCP
MTP
MAP
HLR/VLR
TCAP
SCCP
MTP
PLMN A
PLMN B
HLR HLR MAP VLR MAP Direct /Thru PSTN or thru SCCP G/W
MAP_EIR
MAP EIR
B S S M A P BSC
SWITCH
ISUP
ISUP PSTN
MAP MESSAGES
Location Registration
BSSAAP-Base Station Application Part And DTAP -Direct Transfer Application Part
BSSMAP Signaling between MSC and BSC. Uses SCCP services ( Connection Oriented and Connection less ) DTAP Signaling between MSC and MS ( Transparent to BSS) Rides on BSSAP( On Top Of Relationship)
DTAP
MSC
Initial MS BSSMAP
BSC/BTS
LAPDm
MS
DTAP MESSAGES Location Update Accept Authentication request Authentication Reject CM Service Request CM Service Reject Identity Request Identity Response. Setup Message
BSSMAP MESSAGES Connection Oriented: Assignment Request Cipher Mode Command Complete Layer 3 information Clear Command Clear Complete Connection less Paging Block Unblock
M S
BSSMAP
BSS
RACH AGCH SDCCH DTAP
MSC VLR+SN
MAP-X
HLR /AUC
ISUP
PSTN
CM Ser Req(DTAP) CC Auth Req (DTAP) Auth Response Cipher Mode Command Cipher Mode Complete SETUP ( Called number) Call proceeding Assignment req Assignment Complete
IAM (ISUP)
M S
BSSMAP
BSS
DTAP Alert Connect Connect Ack
MSC VLR+SN
MAP-X
HLR /AUC
ISUP
ACM ANM
PSTN
Speech
SCP PSTN
ISUP
DATA BASE
INAP
SSP
IP
SSP: SRVICE SWITCHING POINT SCP: SERVICE CONTROL POINT IP : INTELLIGENT PERIPHERALS
Problems of Conventional approach( Non IN) * No Portability of numbers * Limited Routing /Translation Capability * Distributed Databases. * Difficult upgrades for new Services .
Concept of SCP , SSP , IPs.
A Few Applications
LNP /SCP
E. Database finds a match for 4602100( ported to 461) sends instruction to SSP to Route with LRN 4600000
STP
SSP 919(461)
Recipient Network
SSP 919(450)
SSP 919(460)
DONOR NETWORK
C. Donor n/w determines 460 is a ported NPA-NXX and send a LNP (INAP) query via STP
PLMN B
Old VLR
MSRN
GMSC (703)
MSRN
HLR Interrogation
HLR VLR
GMSC (619)
PSTN dials 619-867-7739