LATHE MACHINE

PRINCIPLE OF LATHE:-

The basic principle of the lathe machine is that the work piece is held in any holding device and allowed to rotate about a fixed horizontal axis.

At the same time the cutting tool is slowly moved in the direction parallel or perpendicular to the work piece axis to cut the work piece.

 Lathe is one of oldest ,widely used and most important machine tool. The centre of the head stock spindle also known as live centre holds and give motion to the work piece. Work piece is clamped by chuck or face plate. The centre of tailstock also known as Dead centre will just support the work piece. The cutting tool is mounted and clamped on tool post. It moves parallel or perpendicular to the work piece axis to form required shape on the work piece.

 The different parts of a lathe can be categorised as following. 1. Driving the lathe

LATHE CONSTRUCTION:-

2. Holding and rotating the work piece.

3. Holding ,moving and guiding the tool. The major components of a lathe are as follows:1. Bed 2. Head stock

3. Tailstock
4. Carriage 5. Lead screw.

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF LATHE MACHINE

1.BED
The bed is the foundatation of the lathe machine. All other components are fitted on the lathe bed.

The v-shaped of the bed maintains accurate alignment of the hedstock and tailstock.
It also works as rails to guide the carriage on which the cutting tool is mounted. On the top of bed, there are two sets of slides and guideways. The guiding surfaces are accurately machined to make then parallel to the lathe axis. The bed is mainly made up of cast-iron.

2. HEAD STOCK.
The headstock is the source of power the tool and the work piece. The headstock is the part of the lathe,which is located at left side of the operator. The head stock of the lathe consists of driving puleys,back gears ,bearing to support machine spindle and gears. The functions of headstock:1. To support the spindle. 2. The provide different speed to the spindle. 3. To carry driving mechanism.

Headstock are of two types:1. All geared types 2. Back geared and cone pulley types. 1. All geared types: Modern lathe are quipped with all geared headstock to provide various spindle speeds. These lathes are driven by a constant speed motor. Speed variations are made through series of gear combination by shifting the levers in different positions.

The heavy duty machines and where smooth running is required then all geared headstock lathes are mostly used.

 Gears G4,G5 and G6 mounted on a splined shaft and receive power from the fast and loose pulley. Gears G4,G5 and G6 may be meshed with gears G7,G8 and G9 respectively by shifting with the levers. Here we obtained 9-speed all geared headstock sliding mechanism. Gears G7,G8 and G9 rotate freely on the intermediate shaft and cannot move axially. Similarly gears G11,G12 and G13 may be slide by means of a second lever on the headstock spindle, which is a splined one.

In gear selection the rule is the total number of teeth between any one pair of gears mounted on two shaft must be equal to the total number of teeth on the other pair.

THE GEARS COMBINATION FOR NINE DIFFERENT SPEED ARE:-

1. G4 G7 2. G5

G7 G11 G7

4. G4 G7 5. G5

G8 G12 G8

7. G4 G7 8. G5

G9 G13 G9

G8
3. G6 G9

G11
G7 G11

G8
6. G6 G9

G12
G8 G12

G8
9. G6 G9

G13
G9 G13

ADVANTAGES:1. The design permits a totally enclosed compact unit giving better appearance and larger range of spindle speeds.

2. The motors speed of a geared drive practically the full power is available for all speeds.
3. By shifting the levers different spindle speeds are obtained. It is done more quickly and without any change of any accident. 4. The drive may be isolated from the headstock spindle by mounting the driving pulley on another shaft. The vibrations of the spindle are thus reduced to a minimum level.

DISADVANTAGES:1. All geared lathes are costlier than the cone pulley driven lathes, because of more complicated gear and lever mechanism. 2. Due to friction of the gears some power is lost.

2. BACK GEARED HEADSTOCK: The lock pin attached to the bull gear is removed, the cone pulleys are separated from bull gear, then back gear A is engaged with gear gear B. gear B starts rotating, and on the same shaft gear C is mounted, so gear C drives a gear D(bull gear). So gear D starts rotating at different speed than the corresponding pulley. The bull gear is mounted on main spindle. Thus spindle starts rotating.

 At the initial stage, the cone pulley is not keyed to the spindle, and is made revolving freely on the spindle. The bigger gear called as bull gear is keyed to the hollow spindle. In order to transmit the positive motion from one step cone pulley to the main spindle of lathe, a lock pin is introduced in to the hole provided on the face of the cone pulley. We have four speeds from four different cone pulleys. To have more four different speeds, back geared mechanism necessary.
A lathe with four steps on the cone pulley and with back gears would thus have eight spindle speedsfour direct and four indirect.