Implementation of an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing(OFDM) for high data rate over noisy channel.

Presented By Shailesh khaparkar

Aim of the Project

The aim of the project is to implement the OFDM system for high data rate using MATLAB Software and estimating the performance of it.

Introduction
OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing. Developed in 1960s and 70s. Definition: It is a multi carrier transmission technique, which divides the available spectrum into many carriers, each one being modulated by a low rate data stream. It depends on Orthogonality It is a special form of MCM.

Introduction
Actually, FDM systems have been common for many decades. But, it waste too much bandwidth. This is where OFDM sense.

Used to combat ISI due to multipath and also used in the area of high-data-rate mobile wireless communications such as cellular phone, satellite communication etc.,

Multiple Access Techniques

Multiple access schemes are used to allow many simultaneous users to use the same fixed bandwidth radio spectrum. Sharing of the spectrum is required in order increase the user capacity of any wireless network.

There are mainly three types of multiple access techniques FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)

The hybrid technique for these methods is OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)

FDMA

Available bandwidth is subdivided into a number of narrower band channels. Each user is allocated a unique frequency band in which to transmit and receive on. Each user is allocated a forward link channel (from the base station to the mobile phone) and a reverse channel (back to the base station), each being a single way link.

TDMA

Fig 1.4 TDMA scheme, where each user is allocated a small time slot Fig TDMA scheme, where each user is allocated a small time slot

TDMA divides the available spectrum into multiple time slots, by giving each user a time slot in which they can transmit or receive. TDMA can suffer from multipath effects as the transmission rate is generally very high. This leads the multipath signals causing intersymbol interference.

CDMA

Fig. Basic CDMA Generation. CDMA is a spread spectrum technique that uses neither frequency channels or time slots. All users in a CDMA system use the same frequency band and transmit simultaneously The transmitted signal is recovered by correlating the received signal with the PN code used by the transmitter.

Why Use OFDM?

In previous research, it has been proven that OFDM outperforms other transmission schemes in many aspects of multiple access transmission. Suppression of Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI)
Allows many more users Flexible bandwidth allocation

OFDM System

OFDM Block Diagram

A/D Converter (In Tx)

10110

Sampler

Quantizer

Encoder

Analog Signal

Discreate Time Sequence

Quantized Signal

Digital Signal

Block Diagram of A/D Converter

QAM System (In Tx)

X1(t) Product Modulator Multiplexed Signal s(t) C(t)=Acos(2 pifct) Message Signals 90 phase Shifter

X2(t)

Product Modulator

QAM SYSTEM

QPSK Generation
Sin(2pifct)
Se(t) Binary Data be(t) b(t)

Bipolar encodar

A Demultipulator
bo(t)

Adder
QPSK signal

Cos(2pifct)

Generation of QPSK

Channel Characteristics
The performance of any wireless systems performance is affected by the medium of propagation namely the characteristics of the channel. The different characteristics of channel are 1.Multipath 2.Attenuation 3.Doppler shift

Multipath Effect

Attenuation
Attenuation is the drop in the signal power when transmitting from one point to another. It can be caused by the transmission path length,obstructions in the single path and multi path effects. Shadowing of the signal can occur whenever there is an obstruction between the transmitter and receiver. To overcome the problem of shadowing, Txs are usually elevated as high as possible to minimize the number of obstructions.

Delay Spread
Delay spread is the time spread between the arrival of the first and last multipath signal seen by the receiver. In a digital system, the delay spread can lead to inter-symbol interference. This is due to the delayed multipath signal overlapping with the following symbols.

Doppler Shift
When a wave source and a receiver are moving relative to one another the frequency of the received signal will not be the same as the source. When they are moving toward each other the frequency of the received signal is higher then the source, and when they are approaching each other the frequency decreases. This is called the Doppler effect.
The amount the frequency changes due to the Doppler effect depends on the relative motion between the source and receiver and on the speed of propagation of the wave.

Inter symbol interference

Combating ISI using a guard interval

Methodology

Fig. OFDM Model used for simulations

Flow Chart of OFDM System in MATLAB

Inter symbol interference

Inter symbol interference

A is still present, only with some phase shift. A

B
D = A+B+C

Inter symbol interference

real imag

Fig. An arbitrary signal A in the frequency domain

Fig. Phase shift on A is simply a rotation on the complex axes

Inter symbol interference

Fig. Signal A with unknown phase and signal B with known phase

Fig. Signal A and Signal B experience 150 phase shifts

PLATFORM
MATLAB:
Full form is MATrix LABoratory. Developed by Math Works. It is a high level technical computing language and interactive environment for algorithm development, data visualization, data analysis and numeric computation. MATLAB contains five major sections: 1.Development Environment 2.MATLAB mathematical function library. 3.MATLAB language. 4.Graphics. 5.MATLAB application program interference.

MATLAB features & capabilities

Advantages of OFDM
1. 2. Makes efficient use of the spectrum by allowing overlap. By dividing the channel into narrowband flat fading sub channels, OFDM is more resistant to frequency selective fadings than single carrier systems. Using adequate channel coding and interleaving one can recover symbols lost due to the frequency selectivity of the channel. OFDM is computationally efficient by using FFT techniques to implement the modulation and demodulation functions Provides good protection against co-channel interference and impulsive parasitic noise. Preservation of orthogonality in severe multipath. Used for highest speed applications.

3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Disadvantages of OFDM
1.The OFDM signal has a noise like amplitude with a very large dynamic range, therefore it requires RF power amplifiers with a high peak to average power ratio.
2.It is more sensitive to carrier frequency offset and drift than single carrier systems. 3.It is sensitive to co-channel interferences.

Future Application of OFDM

Military HF modems Voice band modems ADSL & HDSL Digital Broadcasting (DAB and DVB-TV) WLANs (IEEE 802.11 & Hiper LAN II) Cable modems WDM fiber optics

Simulation &Result
Simulation is done on matlab and OFDM is compaire with qam

Bit error rate of OFDM and qam is compaired.

QAM AND OFDM INPUT AND OUTPUT

CONCLUSION
OFDM is a multi-carrier scheme providing high data rates over noisy channel. OFDM systems offers good spectral efficiency.

References

1-Bahai, A., and B. Saltzberg. Multicarrier Digital Communications: Theory and Applications of OFDM. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 1999
2-Van Nee, R., and R. Prasad. OFDM Wireless Multimedia Communications. Boston: Artech House, 2000

3-Couch II, L. W. Digital and Analog Communication Systems. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1997
4-Keller, T., and L. Hanzo. Adaptive Multicarrier Modulation: A Convenient Framework for Time-Frequency Processing in Wireless Communications. Proceedings of the IEEE 88.5 (2000) 609 639 5-OFDM Wireless Technology, Eric Lawrey and Craig Blackburn. 2000. James Cook University. . 6-Spread Spectrum Scene, SSS Online, Inc. 2001

7-Wireless

Resource

Center,

PaloWireless.Com.

2001

8-OFDM Receiver for Broadband Receivers, Michael Speth. Institute for Integrated Signal Processing Systems. 2001.

Thanq

Queries