Ch4 Processes

PROCESSES
Lecture Series By :
Er. Kanwalvir Singh Dhindsa
Website ::
www.dhindsa.info
http://groups.google.com/group/os-2007
1
O.S. by Er. K.S.Dhindsa © 2007
Process Concept
 An operating system executes a variety of programs:

– Batch system –> jobs
– Time-shared systems –> user programs or tasks
 Process – a program in execution & having program counter specifying

the next instruction to execute process;
Execution must progress in sequential fashion;
Process is an active entity process includes:

–program counter
–stack
–data section;
• Program — Contents of file stored on disk;

& Program is an passive entity
2
Process State
• As a process executes, it changes state
– new: The process is being created

– running: Instructions are being executed
– waiting: The process is waiting for some event
to occur
– ready: The process is waiting to be assigned to
a processor
– terminated: The process has finished execution
3
Diagram of Process State
4
Processes
• “A program in execution”
• Modern computers allow several at once
– “pseudoparallelism”
A A B C
A
Program B
B
Counter
Conceptual View C
C Time
5
Unix Process Creation
• System call: fork()

– creates identical copy of process
– return value different for child/parent
• System call: exec()
– over-write with new process address space
• Shell
– uses fork() and exec()
6
Process Scheduler
cat ls ... disk vid
Scheduler
• All services are processes
7
Process Control Block
• Each process has a PCB

containing every info about that process
• OS keeps a table of PCB’s, one per

process
8
Process Control Block (PCB)
9
Process Control Block (PCB)
Information associated with each process

• Process state
• Program counter
• CPU registers
• CPU scheduling information
• Memory-management information
• Accounting information
• I/O status information
10
CPU Switch From Process to Process
11
Process Scheduling Queues
• Job queue – set of all processes in the

system
• Ready queue – set of all processes residing
in main memory, ready and waiting to
execute
• Device queues – set of processes waiting for
an I/O device
• Processes migrate among the various
queues
12
QUEUEING DIAGRAM --Representation of Process Scheduling
RESOURCES
Flow of processes
Device
queues
13
SCHEDULERS
• Long-term scheduler (or job scheduler) – selects
which processes should be brought into the ready
queue
• Short-term scheduler (or CPU scheduler) –

selects which process should be executed next
and allocates CPU
 Short-term scheduler is invoked very frequently
(milliseconds) ⇒ (must be fast)
 Long-term scheduler is invoked very infrequently
(seconds, minutes) ⇒ (may be slow)
The long-term scheduler controls the degree of
multiprogramming
14
Medium Term Scheduling??
MTS ???
15
Schedulers (Cont.)
• Processes can be described as either:
– I/O-bound process – spends more time

doing I/O than computations, many short CPU
bursts
– CPU-bound process – spends more time
doing computations; few very long CPU bursts
16
Context Switch
• When CPU switches to another process, the
system must save the state of the old
process and load the saved state for the new
process(occurs fast in microseconds)
• Context-switch time is overhead; the system

does no useful work while switching
• Time dependent on hardware support

17
Context Switch
• Pure overhead
• So … fast, fast, fast
– typically 1 to 1000 microseconds
• Sometimes special hardware to speed
up
• How to decide when to switch contexts to

another process is process scheduling
18
Process Creation
• Parent process create children processes, which, in

turn create other processes, forming a tree of
processes
• Resource sharing
– Parent and children share all resources
– Children share subset of parent’s resources
• Execution
– Parent and children execute concurrently
– Parent waits until children terminate
19
Buffering
• Queue of messages attached to the link;
implemented in one of three ways
1.Zero capacity – 0 messages
Sender must wait for receiver (rendezvous)
2.Bounded capacity – finite length of n
messages
Sender must wait if link full
3.Unbounded capacity – infinite length
Sender never waits
20
Client-Server Communication
• Sockets
• Remote Procedure Calls
21
Sockets
• A socket is defined as an endpoint for

communication
• Concatenation of IP address and port
• The socket 161.25.19.8:1625 refers to port
1625 on host 161.25.19.8
• Communication consists between a pair of
sockets
22
Socket Communication
23
Remote Procedure Calls ????
• Remote procedure call (RPC) abstracts
procedure calls between processes on
networked systems
• Stubs – client-side proxy for the actual
procedure on the server
• The client-side stub locates the server and
marshalls the parameters.
• The server-side stub receives this message,
unpacks the marshalled parameters, and
peforms the procedure on the server.
24
Threads
“Multithreaded Program”
• Basic unit of CPU utilization Process
• Also called Lightweight Processes (LWP) text segment
• Consists of : A B C
Program
– program counter
Counter
– register set
– stack space (Threads)
• Shares :
A stack
B stack
C stack
– code section
– data section TASKS
– OS resources A B C
(open files& signals)
data segment
25
Thread Features :
 Threads can be in any of the states:
ready,blocked,running or terminated
 A thread must be in exactly in one task
 A task does nothing if there are no threads in it
 Like Processes,
Threads share CPU,and only one thread at a time is active
 A thread within a process executes sequentially & each thread

has its own stack and program counter
Thread Benefits ??
26
Threads Standards
• POSIX (Pthreads)
– Common API
– Almost all Unix’s have thread library
• Solaris
– started before POSIX standard
– likely to be same as POSIX
27
Levels of Threads
User Level Thread

Process A Process B
Thread
Kernel Thread
28
PROCESSES
Lecture Series By :
Er. Kanwalvir Singh Dhindsa
Website ::
www.dhindsa.info
http://groups.google.com/group/os-2007
29

Ch4 Processes

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Ch4 Processes

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PROCESSES

 An operating system executes a variety of programs:

 Process – a program in execution & having program counter specifying

Execution must progress in sequential fashion;

Process is an active entity process includes:

• Program — Contents of file stored on disk;

• As a process executes, it changes state

– new: The process is being created

• System call: fork()

cat ls ... disk vid

• All services are processes

• Each process has a PCB

• OS keeps a table of PCB’s, one per

Information associated with each process

• Job queue – set of all processes in the

• Short-term scheduler (or CPU scheduler) –

– I/O-bound process – spends more time

• Context-switch time is overhead; the system

• Time dependent on hardware support

• How to decide when to switch contexts to

• Parent process create children processes, which, in

• Remote Procedure Calls

• A socket is defined as an endpoint for

 A thread must be in exactly in one task

 A task does nothing if there are no threads in it

 A thread within a process executes sequentially & each thread

User Level Thread

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