DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (BIS 3103)

Lecturer: Email:

Alice Nandawula Mugisha amugisha@cit.mak.ac.ug

Room:

Room 202 (Staff Working Space), Block A

CHAPTER 1
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Introduction to Databases

OBJECTIVES
Characteristics of file-based systems. Problems with file-based approach. Meaning of the term database. Meaning of the term Database Management System (DBMS). Typical functions of a DBMS. Advantages and disadvantages of DBMSs. Some common uses of database systems

FILE-BASED SYSTEMS
A file

is a collection of records which contain logically related data. Collection of application programs that perform services for the end users (e.g. reports).
Each

program defines and manages its own

data. Better alternative to paper based filing systems.

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FILE-BASED APPROACH

A system of files and collection of application programs manipulating them is a file-based system

The Universitys File-Based System

LIMITATIONS OF FILE-BASED APPROACH

Separation and isolation of data

Each program maintains its own set of data. Users of one program may be unaware of potentially useful data held by other programs.
Same data is held by different programs. Wasted space and potentially different values and/or different formats for the same item.
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Duplication of data

LIMITATIONS OF FILE-BASED APPROACH

Data dependence Unhealthy dependency between data and programs. File structure is defined in the program code. Incompatible file formats Programs are written in different languages, and so cannot easily access each others files.

Fixed Queries/Proliferation of application programs Programs are written to satisfy particular functions. Any new requirement needs a new program.
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DATABASE APPROACH

Arose because:

Definition

of data was embedded in application programs, rather than being stored separately and independently. No control over access and manipulation of data beyond that imposed by application programs. Therefore there was a need to separate data from programs but with a facility for them to interact.
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DATABASE APPROACH
Result

the database and Database Management System (DBMS).

Databases

were therefore developed to store, organize and secure data while applications can be able to access the database, process the data and generate the required information.

DATABASE
Shared

collection of logically related data (and a description of this data), designed to meet the information needs of an organization. catalog (metadata) provides description of data to enable programdata independence. related data comprises entities, attributes, and relationships of an organization's information.
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System

Logically

DATABASE APPROACH

Data definition language (DDL). Permits specification of data types, structures and any data constraints that should be part of the database. All specifications are stored in the database. Data manipulation language (DML). Enables those with access to the database to insert, update, delete and retrieve data from it. Standard Query Language (SQL) is an example of a DML

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DATABASE ENVIRONMENT PLAYERS

Data Administrator: Responsible over the data policies in the organization. Does not need to be a technical person. Database Administrator: Puts into practice the data policies of the organization, like back ups, recovery, integrity, security, availability, performance and testing support. Applications Program Developer: Responsible over development of the application programs that make use of the data in the database. User: Makes use of the information from the applications that talk to the database. The user may be novice or sophisticated

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DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (DBMS)

DBMS: A software

system that enables users to define, create, and maintain the database and which provides controlled access to this database. Database Application: A computer program
that interacts with the database by issuing an appropriate request (typically an SQL statement) to the DBMS.
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FUNCTIONS OF A DBMS
Data

Storage, Retrieval, and Update. Catalog.

A User-Accessible Transaction

Support. Control Services.

Concurrency

Recovery

Services.
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FUNCTIONS OF A DBMS
Authorization Support

Services.

for Data Communication. Services. to Promote Data Independence.

Integrity Services

Utility

Services.
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ADVANTAGES OF DBMS
Control

of data redundancy Data consistency More information from the same amount of data. Sharing of data Improved data integrity Improved security Enforcement of standards

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ADVANTAGES OF DBMS
Balanced

conflicting requirements Improved data accessibility and responsiveness Increased productivity Improved maintenance through data independence Increased concurrency Improved backup and recovery services

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DISADVANTAGES OF DBMS
Complexity Size Cost of DBMS Additional hardware costs Cost of conversion Performance Higher impact of a failure

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DATA BASE MODELS

A database model is an organizational principle used in organizing data by a database management system. Different database management systems of the same model have the same principle of data organization. e.g. MS Access, Oracle and Microsoft SQL server use tables (relations) to organize the data. They are 'Relational' database management systems.

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The Network Model: Represents data as nodes and relationships are implied by linking up the nodes by edges. The Hierarchical Model: Represents data and nodes in a hierarchical manner. The Deductive Model: Represents minimal data as 'Axioms'. Extra data and relationships are deduced. The Relational Model: Uses relations/table to organize data. A row/tuple represents an instance of data and relationships are represented by foreign keys. The Object Oriented Model: Uses the object oriented paradigm of encapsulation, inheritance and polymorphism. A class represents data and an object represents the instance.

TYPES OF DATABASE MODELS

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