Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
• Bioenergy Overview
• Biomass Resources
• Creating Energy from Biomass
• Biomass Economics
• Biomass Environmental Issues
• Promise of Bioenergy
• Ethanol Production
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BioEnergy Overview
3
Global Energy Sources
2002
4
Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)
Renewable Energy Use
– 2001
5
Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)
Bioenergy Cycle
http://www.repp.org/bioenergy/bioenergy-cycle-med2.jpg
Bioenergy Cycle
9
US Energy Cropland
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http://www.cbsnews.com/htdocs/energy/renewable/map_bioenergy_image.html
US Biomass Resources
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Biomass
Resource Potential
12
http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/solar.renewables/page/biomass/biomass.gif
Biomass Basic Data
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Commercial 6 4 5 6 5
Industrial 81 76 81 85 84
Electric Powera 23 14 22 41 28
Alcohol Fuelsc 139 147 174 239 296
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Transportation 139 147 174 239 296
http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/solar.renewables/page/biomass/biomass.html
Bioenergy Technologies
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Types of Biomass
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Biomass Resources
• Energy Crops
– Woody crops
– Agricultural crops
• Waste Products
– Wood residues
– Temperate crop wastes
– Tropical crop wastes
– Animal wastes
– Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
– Commercial and industrial wastes 20
http://www.eere.energy.gov/RE/bio_resources.html
Corn
21
http://www.geo.msu.edu/geo333/corn.html
Soybeans
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http://agproducts.unl.edu/
Sorghum
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http://www.okfarmbureau.org/press_pass/galleries/grainSorghum/
Sugar Cane Bagasse
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http://www.nrel.gov/biomass/photos.html
Switchgrass
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http://www.nrel.gov/biomass/photos.html
Hybrid Poplar
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http://www.nrel.gov/biomass/photos.html
Corn Stover
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http://www.nrel.gov/biomass/photos.html
Wood Chips & Sawdust
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http://www.nrel.gov/biomass/photos.html http://www.energytrust.org/RR/bio/
Tracy Biomass Plant
http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/solar.renewables/page/biomass/biomass.html
Municipal Solid Waste
30
http://www.eeingeorgia.org/eic/images/landfill.jpg
Creating Energy
from Biomass
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Bioenergy Conversion
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http://www.nrel.gov/biomass/biorefinery.html
Sugar Platform
1. Convert biomass to sugar or other
fermentation feedstock
2. Ferment biomass intermediates using
biocatalysts
• Microorganisms including yeast and
bacteria;
3. Process fermentation product
• Yield fuel-grade ethanol and other fuels,
chemicals, heat and/or electricity
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http://www.nrel.gov/biomass/proj_biochemical_conversion.html
Thermochemical
Platform
• Direct Combustion
• Gasification
• Pyrolysis
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http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/thermochemical_platform.html
Gasification
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http://www.nrel.gov/biomass/photos.html
Pyrolysis
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http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/pyrolysis.html
Pyrolysis Schmatic
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http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/pyrolysis.html
Anaerobic Digestion
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http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/other_platforms.html
Carbon Rich Platform
• Natural plant oils such as soybean, corn, palm,
and canola oils
– In wide use today for food and chemical applications
• Transesterification of vegetable oil or animal fat
produces fatty acid methyl ester
– Commonly known as biodiesel.
• Biodiesel an important commercial air-emission
reducing additive / substitute for diesel fuel
– could be platform chemical for biorefineries.
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http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/other_platforms.html
BioFuels
• Ethanol
– Created by fermentation of starches/sugars
– US capacity of 1.8 billion gals/yr (2005)
– Active research on cellulosic fermentation
• Biodiesel
– Organic oils combined with alcohols
– Creates ethyl or methyl esters
• SynGas Biofuels
– Syngas (H2 & CO) converted to methanol, or
liquid fuel similar to diesel
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http://www.eere.energy.gov/RE/bio_fuels.html
Biodiesel Bus
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http://www.nrel.gov/biomass/photos.html
Plant Products Platform
• Selective breeding and genetic
engineering
• Develop plant strains that produce greater
amounts of desirable feedstocks or
chemicals
• Even compounds that the plant does not
naturally produce
• Get the biorefining done in the biological
plant rather than the industrial plant.
51
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/other_platforms.html
Biomass
Economics
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Economic Issues
• Sustainable Development
– Move toward sustainable energy production
• Energy Security
– Reduce dependence on imported oil
• Rural Economic Growth
– Provide new crops/markets for rural business
• Land Use
– Better balance of land use
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http://www.eere.energy.gov/RE/bio_integrated.html
Landfill Gas Costs
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Environmental Issues
• Air Quality
– Reduce NOx and SO2 emissions
• Global Climate Change
– Low/no net increase in CO2
• Soil Conservation
– Soil erosion control, nutrient retention, carbon
sequestration, and stabilization of riverbanks.
• Water Conservation
– Better retention of water in watersheds
• Biodiversity and Habitat
– Positive and negative changes
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http://www.eere.energy.gov/RE/bio_integrated.html
Heat and CO2 Content
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Short Rotation
Woody Crops 62
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Biomass Infrastructure
http://www.eere.energy.gov/RE/bio_resources.html
Benefits of Bioenergy
Multiple benefits would accrue:
• Rural American farmers
producing these fuel crops
would see $5 billion of
increased profits per year.
• Consumers would see
future pump savings of $20
billion per year on fuel
costs.
• Society would see CO2
emissions reduced by 6.2
billion tons per year, equal
to 80% of U.S.
transportation-related CO2
emissions in 2002.
65
www.bioproducts-bioenergy.gov/pdfs/NRDC-Growing-
Growing US Energy
Switchgrass 1 to 3x protein
productivity + 5 to 10 x
mass productivity of
animal soybeans
oils Cellulose
protein animal
oils hydrolyzed into
feed protein
30 billion
feed
gallons ethanol
67
http://thayer.dartmouth.edu/thayer/rbaef/.
Fuel Efficiency vs. Land
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Bioenergy Forecasts
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Ethanol Yields
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http://www.nrel.gov/biomass/photos.html
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Ethanol Production
• Corn kernels are ground in a hammermill to
expose the starch
• The ground grain is mixed with water, cooked
briefly and enzymes are added to convert the
starch to sugar using a chemical reaction called
hydrolysis.
• Yeast is added to ferment the sugars to
ethanol.
• The ethanol is separated from the mixture by
distillation and the water is removed from the
mixture using dehydration
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Ethanol Production
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In comparison, US consumed
an 140,000 million gallons of
gasoline in 2004
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US Ethanol Facilities
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Ethanol by State
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Ethanol Fuel Use 2003
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Ethanol Use by Market
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Corn Use for Ethanol
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Corn Use by Segment
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Sorghum Use by Segment
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Energy Policy Act of 2005
• Small Producer Biodiesel and Ethanol Credit
– 10 cent per gallon tax credit
– Up to 15 million gallons annually per producer
– Expires year end 2008
• Fueling stations
– 30% credit for cost of installing clean-fuel vehicle
refueling equipment
– $30,000 maximum
– e.g. E85
• 85% Ethanol, 15% gasoline
• GM pushing their E85 vehicles as an alternative to hybrids
• Seven SUV/Trucks, two sedans
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Energy Policy Act of 2005
• The Renewable Fuel Standard
– Requires use of 7.5 billion gallons of biofuels by 2012
• includes ethanol and biodiesel
– Up from 3.4 billion gallons in 2004
• All refiners required to abide by targets
– Credit trading mechanism in place
• For example, refiners in states with little or no ethanol
production may buy credits from refiners in states with
excess production
• Increased costs across the nation
• Decrease oil imports by 2.1%
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Cellulosic Ethanol
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2025
5.8 5.1
Domestic Oil
Domestic Ethanol
3.2 Western Hemisphere
5.3 Europe/Africa
Persian Gulf
6.7 95
MMBPD
Source: Department of Energy/Energy Information Agency
Ethanol
Energy Policy Act of 2005
• Brazil produces ethanol at $25/oil equivalent
barrel
– Adjusted price taking into account energy differences
between ethanol and oil
– Compare $25/barrel to current oil price of $60+/barrel
• Largest commercial application of biomass
energy in the world
– Sugar cane used a feedstock
• Domestic automakers building flex-fuel vehicles
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Midterm Review
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Extra Slides
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Biomass Basics
100
http://www.eere.energy.gov/RE/bio_basics.html
BioPower Electricity
• Direct Combustion
– Burn biomass to create steam
• Co-Firing
– Mix biomass with coal in coal plants
– Economically attractive
• Gasification
• Pyrolysis
• Anaerobic Digestion
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http://www.eere.energy.gov/RE/bio_biopower.html
Integrated Systems
102
http://www.eere.energy.gov/RE/bio_integrated.html
Biomass Resources
• Herbaceous Energy Crops
• Woody Energy Crops
• Industrial Crops
• Agricultural Crops
• Aquatic Crops
• Agricultural Crop Residues
• Forestry Residues
• Municipal Waste
• Animal Waste
103
http://www.eere.energy.gov/RE/bio_resources.html
Sugar Platform
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http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/sugar_platform.html
Biorefinery Platforms
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http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/
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Other Platforms
• Biogas Platform
• Carbon-Rich Chains Platform
• Plant Products Platform
– Selective breeding and genetic engineering
– develop plant strains that produce greater amounts of
desirable feedstocks or chemicals
– even compounds that the plant does not naturally
produce
– getting the biorefining done in the biological plant
rather than the industrial plant.
111
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/other_platforms.html
Direct Hydrothermal
Liquifaction
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Thermochemical R&D
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Simple vs. CCGT Plant
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