Chapter # 5

Computer
System
Organization
CONTENTS
• MOTHERBOARD
• CPU
– ALU
– CU
• MEMORY
– RAM(SRAM,DRAM)
– ROM(PROM,EPROM,EEPROM)
CONT…
• REGISTERS
• MICROPROCESSOR
• VON NEUMAN ARCHITECTURE
Motherboard
• Motherboard is also called
system board.
• Many electronic components
are connected to the
motherboard and some
components are built into it.
• The processor chip and
memory chip are plugged
(installed) into the
motherboard.
• The motherboard contains
sockets or slots in which
electronic components are
installed.
Central Processing
Unit (CPU)
• Central Processing Unit
(CPU) is also called
processor.
• It interprets and executes
the instructions to run the
computer system.
• It is the brain of the
computer system.
Cont…CPU
–It perform all operations on
the data according to the
instructions.

–It carriers out instructions

and tells other parts of
computer system what to
do.
Cont…CPU
–CPU consists of two main
units.

–Arithmetic and Logic

Unit (ALU)
–Control Unit (CU)
Arithmetic and Logic
Unit(ALU)
– ALU is a part of CPU.
– Actual execution of the
instructions takes place in
this part.
– All arithmetic and logical
operations are performed in
ALU.
Cont…ALU
• It consists of two units.
•Arithmetic Unit
•Logic Unit
Arithmetic Unit
Arithmetic Unit of the ALU
performs basic functions such
as:

•Addition,
•Subtraction,
•Multiplication and
•Division.
Logic Unit
LU performs logical operations like
comparing two data items to find
which data item is:

•Greater than
•Equal to
•Not equal to or
•Less than the other.
Control Unit (CU)
• It is the most important
component of the CPU.
• It controls and coordinates
the activities of all units of
the computer.
Functions of CU
• CU performs the following
operations:
–It fetches instructions from
the main memory.
–It interpret that instruction to
find what operation is to be
performed.
–It controls the execution of
instruction.
Memory
• Data and instructions are
stored in memory to be
executed.
• This memory is temporary
storage unit for data,
instructions and information.
Cont..
• It is also called primary
storage.
• It consists of one or more
chips on the motherboard.
Cont…Memory
• Memory stores the following
three items:

–Operating system and other

system software to control
the computer system.
Cont…Memory
–Application programs to
perform specific tasks.

–Data to be processed by the

application programs
Cont…Memory
• The instruction and data is
stored in memory as bytes
during execution.

• Each byte in memory has its

unique address that identifies its
location.
Types Of Memory
Memory is divided into two basic
types:
1. RAM 2. ROM
• SRAM • PROM
• DRAM • EPROM
• EEPROM
Random Access Memory
(RAM)
• RAM stands for Random Access
Memory.
• Main memory is referred to as
RAM.
• It is a volatile memory and the
contents of the memory are lost
as soon as the electricity supply
is cut-off.
Cont…RAM
• The CPU can write and read to
and from the RAM. So RAM is
also known as read/write
memory.

• It is used to store all data and

instructions of a program while it
is being executed.
Cont…RAM
• RAM’s are built using two different
technologies. Therefore, RAM is
divided into two types.

–DRAM
–SRAM
DRAM
• DRAM sands for Dynamic Random
Access Memory.
• This type of memory is used in
most of the computers.
• In order to maintain data in DRAM
chip, it must be re-energized with
electric charge frequency
otherwise data stored in DRAM
may be lost.
SRAM
• SRAM stands for Static Random
Access Memory.
• It is more reliable.
• In SRAM, chips are not
re-energized as often as in DRAM
so called as static.
Comparison between
DRAM and
SRAM
• SRAM is faster than DRAM
because it does not have to be
refreshed with electric charge
frequently and CPU has not to
wait to read and write data.
Cont…
• SRAM utilizes less power.

• The design of SRAM is more

complex than the design of DRAM.

• SRAM chip is more expansive than

DRAM chip.
Read Only Memory
(ROM)
• ROM stands for Read Only
Memory.

• The contents (i.e., instructions)

stored in this memory can be
read but new data cannot be
written into it. Therefore it is
called as read only memory.
Cont… ROM
• The manufacture of the ROM
writes the data and programs
permanently into it and contents
of this memory cannot be
changed afterwards.
• ROM is a non-volatile memory.
So the data and programs stored
in ROM chip is not lost when
electricity is cut-off.
PROM
• PROM stands for Programmable
Read Only Memory.
• It is a Blank ROM chip onto which
a programmer can write
Instructions.
• Once the ROM chip has being
written it functions like regular
ROM and cannot be erased or
changed.
EPROM
• EPROM stands for Erasable
Programmable Read Only Memory.

• Like PROM, it is initially blank and

the user or manufacture can writes
his own program or data by using
special devices.
Cont…
• Unlike PROM, the data written
in EPROM chip can be erased
by using special purpose
devices and ultraviolet rays. So
program or data written in
EPROM chip can be changed
and new data can also be
added on this form of ROM.
• When EPROM is in use, its
contents can only be read.
EEPROM
• EEPROM stands for Electrically
Erasable Programmable Read
Only Memory.
• This kind of ROM can be re-
written by using electrical devices
• Data stored on this ROM chip can
be easily modified.
Cache memory
• A cache (pronounced "cash") is a
small and very fast memory.
• It is designed to speed up the
transfer of data and instructions.
• It is faster than RAM. The data
and instructions that are most
recently or most frequently used
by CPU are stored in cache.
Cont…
• The data and instructions are
retrieved from RAM when CPU uses
them for first time. A copy of that
data or instructions is stored in cache.
When next time CPU needs that data
or instructions, it first looks in cache.
If the required data is found there, it
is retrieved from cache memory
instead of main memory. It speeds up
the working of CPU.
Flash Memory
• Flash memory is also called flash
ROM or flash RAM.

• It is a type of nonvolatile
memory. It can be erased
electronically and
reprogrammed.
Cont…
• Most computers use Flash
memory to hold their startup
instructions.

• Flash memory chip are used to

store data on handheld
computers like cellular phones,
digital cameras etc.
Memory Access Time
The amount of time required by
processor to read data,
instructions and information
from memory is called access
time.
Expansion Slots
• Expansion slot is a socket that is
mounted on a motherboard to
insert circuit board.
• Different circuit boards are
inserted into the motherboard to
add new devices and enhance
capabilities to the computer.
Cont…
• Some examples are memory chips,
sound devices, modems or
graphics card etc.
Different types of expansion cards
are as follows:
Video Card - It is also called video
adapter or graphics card. It
converts computer output into a
video signal and sends it to the
monitor to display.
Sound Card –
It enhances the sound-generating
capabilities of a computer. It allows
sound to be input through
microphone and output through
speakers.
Network Interface Card (NIC) –
It is also called network card. It is a
communication device that allows a
computer to communicate via a
network.
Modem Card
It is also called an internal modem.
It is a communication device that
enables computer to
communicate via telephone line.
Ports
• A port is an interface or point of
attachment.

• It is used to connect peripheral

device with computer such as
printers, keyboards or mouse.
Cont…Ports
• Ports have different types of
connectors.

• A connector joins a cable to a

device. One end of the cable is
attached to connector on the
system unit and the other end is
attached to the connector on the
peripheral device
Different Types of ports
Different types of Ports are as
follows:
1. Serial port
2. Parallel Port
3. USB Port
Serial port
• A serial port is used to connect
devices to the system unit.

• A serial port transmits data one

bit at a time through a single
wire.
Parallel Ports
• Parallel port is used to connect
devices that transfer 8 bits at a
time.
• Printers connect to computer
using a parallel port.
• The transmission of data
through parallel port is faster
than serial port.
Universal Serial Bus
(USB) Port for Universal
• USB stands Serial
Bus.
• Many computers have two to four
USB ports either on the front or
back of the system unit.
• USB port also support hot plugging and
plug and play. It means that you can
attach devices with the computer while
computer is running. You have not to
restart the computer after attaching the
Power Supply
• It is an electrical component inside
the system unit that converts the
AC power into the DC power.
• It supplies the correct voltage or
power to all parts of the computer.
• It is a simple electrical system,
which takes 240 or 110 voltages
and convert them into DC voltage
of 3V, 6V, 12V and 24V.
BUS
• The electrical paths through which
computer (CPU) send and receives
data and instructions to and from
different components of computer
are called computer buses.
Cont…
• A bus consists of 40 to 150 electric
wires or lines running parallel to
each other. One line can carry one
bit at a time. The amount of data
that a bus can carry is called “bus
width”.

• The capacity of computer bus

depends on the data lines it
contains. For example a bus with
16 lines can transfer 16 bit at a
time.
Registers
• Registers are the special-
purpose, high-speed memories
inside the CPU.
• The size of the register is the
number of bits it can hold at a
time. The register that can store
8 bits is referred to as 8-bit
register.
• Usually a register can hold
8,16,24 and 32 bits of data.
• The larger the size of register,
the greater will be the data
processing speed of the CPU.
Cont…
• Registers are used for special
purpose:
•Temporary storage of memory
addresses
•Temporary storage of
instructions during execution
of the program.
•Temporary storage of data
being worked upon by the
CPU.
Register
S.No Name of FUNCTION
Register
1. Memory Hold address of active
Address (MAR) memory location
2. Memory Buffer Hold information on its way to
(MBR) and from memory
3. Program Hold address of the next
control (PC) instruction to be executed
4. Accumulator (A) Accumulates results and data
to be operated upon
5. Instruction Hold instruction, while it is
Register (IR) being executed
6. Input/output Communicates with I/O
(I/O) devices
Microprocessor
• Today, microprocessor used in
microcomputers designed in a
single chip and fits into special
socket on the motherboard.
Microprocessor

• In personal computers, two types

of microprocessors are used.
1. Intel Microprocessor
2. Motorola Microprocessor
Intel Microprocessor
• This microprocessor made by
Intel Corporation.
• It is used in microprocessor.
• 90% microcomputers used this
type of microprocessor.
• Microsoft Windows Operating
System is developed to run on
Intel microprocessor.
• Most advanced microprocessor
chip of Intel is P4.
Motorola
Microprocessor:
• It is made by Motorola.
• It is used in personal computers
of Apple.
• Macintosh OS is developed to
run on Motorola microprocessor.
VON NEUMAN
ARCHITECTURE:
A computer’s program can be
changed by changing the
contents of memory instead of
rewiring CU.
This STORED PROGRAM
CONCEPT has the standard
approach used today.
Cont..
To apply it , a machine is
designed to recognized certain
bit pattern as representing
certain instructions. this is
called machine language
Machine Language
• Machine language defines the mean
by which we communicate
algorithms to machine.
• The coded version of a machine
instruction typically consist of two
parts:
– Op-code field
– Operand field
Op-code field
• Op- code field indicates which of the
elementary operation is requested
by the instruction.
• Elementary operation are STORE ,
SHIFT, XOR , and JUMP.
Operand field
• Bit pattern found in operand field
provide more detail information
about operation specified by op-code
field.
• E.g.
– In case of STORE operation , the
information in the operand field
indicates which register contain
data to be stored and which
memory cell is to receive the data.
Program Execution
• Machine cycle provide an algorithm
to CU to perform its job continuously,
• Cycle consist of
– FETCH
– DECODE
– EXECUTE
Fetch
• CU request that main memory provide it
with the next instruction to be
executed.
• The unit knows where the next
instruction is in memory because its
address is kept in program counter.
• CU place the instruction received from
memory in its instruction register
• Then increment the program counter,
so it get address of next instruction.
Decode:
• With the instruction in IR,CU decode the
instruction , which involves the breaking
instruction into op-code and operand.

EXECUTE:
• CU then execute the instruction by
activating the appropriate circuitry to
perform requested task.
Example of program
execution
ADDRESS CONTENTS
A0 15
A1 6C
A2 16
A3 6D
A4 50
A5 56
A6 30
A7 6E
A8 C0
A9 00
Example of program
execution
Step 1: CU begins the fetch step by
extracting the instruction at location
A0 and placing the instruction in IR.
– Note that in our machine instruction
are 16 bits long.
– So instruction to be fetched occupies
the memory cell at both address A0
and A1.
– CU are design in manner that it can
receive contents from both cells and
place it in IR , which is 16-bit long
Example of program
execution
CU adds 2 in the PC, so it gets address
of next instruction
Now
PC : A2
IR : 156C
• Step 2: CU analyze instruction in IR
and conclude ,
• Step 3: LOAD register 5 with the
contents of memory cell at 6C.
CU then begins the next cycle.