Osmotic pressure of the blood

It is proportional to the number of dissolved particles/unit volume.

It is due to plasma albumin because the following:

A 1% solution of plasma albumin will have more twice the effect

on the colloid osmotic pressure than will 1% solution of plasma
globulin (due to molecular weight).

The ratio of albumin: globulin in plasma is about 2:1.

The loss of plasma proteins may leads to shock or edema.

Notes:
1- Hydrostatic pressure tends to expel fluid from the blood.

2- Osmotic pressure of plasma (colloid osmotic pressure) tends

to draw fluid into the blood from interstitial fluid to maintain the
normal volume of blood plasma.
 Serum lipoproteins and lipids

Typical values serum lipids

Lipid Typical values (mg/dl)

Cholesterol (total) 170–210

LDL cholesterol 60–140

HDL cholesterol 35–85

Triglycerides 40–160

They act as carriers for many different types of lipids and lipid
soluble molecules.

They include chylomicrons, VLDL (very low denslty lipoprotein),

LDL (low denslty lipoprotein) and HDL (high denslty lipoprotein).
 Serum lipoproteins and lipids (continue)
# Because LDLs transport cholesterol to the arteries and can be
retained there starting the formation of plaques, increased levels
are associated with atherosclerosis, and thus heart attack, stroke
and peripheral vascular disease. For this reason, cholesterol inside
LDL lipoproteins is often called "bad" cholesterol.

# HDL can remove cholesterol from the walls of blood vessels and
transport it back to the liver for excretion or re-utilization. This is
the main reason why HDL-bound cholesterol (HDL-C) is sometimes
called "good cholesterol".

An HDL 60 mg/dL or above helps protect against heart disease.

Women tend to have higher HDL cholesterol than men.

A cardiac risk ratio = total cholesterol divided by HDL cholesterol.

A cardiac risk ratio greater than 7 is considered a warning.

 Serum glycoproteins
They form antibodies of blood groups.
They share in the structure of some hormones such as follicle-
stimulating hormone, leuteinizing hormone, thyroid-stimulting
hormone, erythropoietin, … etc.

Metal-binding proteins
Such as transferrin have the properties of globulins and act as
carriers for trace elements.

Enzymes
Such phosphatases, lipases, lactate dehydrogenase, amylase,
ferroxidase, …. etc.

Breakdown of cells or leakage of their membrane, intracellular

enzymes can be released into the inravascular spase (plasma)
which may be servered as an index of tissue damage.
Transaminase, creatine kinase, acid phosphatases, …. etc. are
useful in clinical medicine.
 Blood cells

They are formed in the bone marrow.

All blood cells arise from the same bone marrow stem cells.

Stem cells are characterized by:

1- Immortal, meaning they never die.

2- Undifferentiated, meaning they have not yet developed

into a particular cell type.

3- Pluripotent, meaning they have the potential to become

any type of blood cell.
These stem cells give rise to

1- erythrocytes,

2- leukocytes e.g. neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils,

lymphocytes and monocytes.

3- platelets (thrombocytes).

Erythrocytes (red blood cells) (RBCs)

In man and in all mammals, erythrocytes appear to be
circular as seen from the top, but a side view shows that they
are biconcave discs except in the camel family (Camelidae)
where they are oval.

Flexible plasma membrane.

 Erythrocytes (red blood cells) (RBCs)
(continue)
Erythrocytes are very small where they are 6-8 μm in
diameter.
An adult man have about 5-5.5 million erythrocytes/cubic
millimeter (microliter) (μL) of blood.

An adult woman, there are about 4.5-5 million erythrocytes/

mm3 of blood.
Adult humans have roughly 2-3x1013 RBCs at any given
time.

Mammalian erythrocytes loose their nucleus when mature

and other organelles including their mitochondria.

So,
1- So, they have no DNA.

2- They produce energy by fermentation, via glycolysis of

glucose followed by lactic acid production.
 Erythrocytes (red blood cells) (RBCs)
(continue)

3- Erythrocytes do not have an insulin receptor and thus

glucose uptake is not regulated by insulin.

4- They cannot produce new structural or repair proteins or

enzymes

5-Their lifespan is limited (about 120 days).

Mammalian RBCs should in fact be referred to as

corpuscles rather than cells.

Nucleated erythrocytes are seen in amphibians, reptiles,

fish and birds.
These erythrocytes are also larger in size than the
mammalian erythrocytes.

2-3 million erythrocytes die every second.

 Erythrocytes (red blood cells) (RBCs)
(continue)

In 2007 it was reported that erythrocytes also play

a part in the body's immune response.

When lysed by pathogens such as bacteria.

Their hemoglobin releases free radicals.

These free radicals break down the pathogen's cell
wall and membrane.
Leading to kill this pathogen.
‫الى اللقـــــاء القــــــــادم‬