Random Sampling

Presented By:
Roll No. 14: Vaibhav Baid Roll No. 15: Gaurav Kuraria

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Population & Sample

Population: Includes all people or items with the characteristic one wish to understand or study.

Rarely Enough time or money to gather information from everyone or everything in a population.

Sample: A Subset of some of the units in the population.

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Sampling
Process of selecting units (e.g., people, organizations) from a population of interest so that by studying the sample we may fairly generalize our results back to the population from which they were chosen.

Inference Population
Sample

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Importance of Sampling

Significance Saves Money

Saves Time & Energy Makes Available more detailed Information For measuring Physically Damaging Processes Smaller Non-Response

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Types of Sampling

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Types of Sampling Cont

Random Sampling: Every unit in the population has a chance of being selected in the sample, and the probability can be accurately determined.
Every element has a known Non-Zero probability of being sampled Involves random selection at some point

Non Random Sampling: Some elements of the population have no chance of selection or where the probability of selection cant be accurately determined.

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Methods of Random Sampling

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Sampling Terminology
Population: entire collection of people or things you are interested in.
Sample: subset of some of the units in the population. Unit of Analysis is the type of object of interest. N = the number of cases in sampling Frame n = No. of Cases in Sample

f = n/N = Sampling Fraction

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Simple Random Sampling

Each unit in the population is identified, and each unit has an equal chance of being in the sample. Objective is to select n units out of N(Sampling Frame). Eg. A small service agency wishes to assess clients views of quality of service over the past few years. To accomplish this, they identify every client over the past 12 months, which comes out to be to 1000. Company wants to survey 100 clients, so as to save time and cost of surveying 1000 clients. Thus, Sampling Fraction, f = n/N = 100/1000 = .1 or 10%

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Simple Random Sampling

Lottery method

A table of random numbers, a computer random number generator, or a mechanical device to select the sample.

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Simple Random Sampling

Best suits situations where not much information is available about the population and data collection can be efficiently conducted on randomly distributed items

Advantages
Simple Requires minimum advance knowledge of the population

Disadvantages
Need of a complete list of all the members of the population Not statistically efficient method Doesnt represent Subgroup in population
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Stratified Random Sampling

Population embraces a number of distinct categories Eg. A small service agency wishes to assess clients views of quality of service over the past few years. To accomplish this, they identify every client over the past 12 months, which comes out to be to 1000. Company wants to survey 100 clients. Say, clients can divided into 3 groups, Oceania, Europe and USA. Divide Population into homogeneous sub groups (Strata) and then take a simple random sample. Make non-overlapping groups, N1, N2, N3, .Ni such that N1 + N2 + N3 +Ni = N
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Stratified Random Sampling

Population
Sampling Frame

Oceania

USA

Asia

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Stratified Random Sampling

Ocea nia 100 USA Asia

200 700

25

25

100

Proportional or Quota Random Sampling

Selection of sample elements from each stratum, such that the ratio of sample elements from each stratum to the sample size equals that of the population elements within each stratum to the total number of population elements. LBSIM

Stratified Random Sampling

Useful when groups within the population are homogeneous and you are interested in studying those groups.

Advantages
Represents population and its subgroups (Draw Inferences about Groups) More statistical precision than Simple Random Sampling Different Sampling approaches can be applied to different strata

Disadvantages
Identifying Strata and Implementing the process can be Complex Not useful when there are no homogeneous subgroups
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Systematic Random Sampling

Number the units in the population from 1 to N Decide on Sample, n, size that we need Determine Interval Size, k=N/n Randomly select an integer between 1 to k For example, We need to select a sample of 25 (n) rooms in our college from a total of 100 rooms (N) to see the overall maintenance quality etc.

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Systematic Random Sampling

Interval Size = 100/25(N/n) = 4 Select a random no. between 1 and 4, say 3, so

10

11

12

13

14

97

98

99

100

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Systematic Random Sampling

Useful when Units in the population are randomly ordered atleast with respect to characteristic that we are measuring

Advantages
Useful for selecting large samples Less cumbersome than Simple Random Sample

Disadvantages
Vulnerable to periodicities

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Cluster Random Sampling

Population disbursed across a wide geographic region Units in Population also a part of naturally occurring clusters Divide Population into Clusters Randomly Sample Clusters Measure all units within sampled clusters (Different from Stratified Sampling) Tends to provide best results when the elements within the clusters are heterogeneous, while between clusters, there is high degree of homogeneity .
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Cluster Random Sampling

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Cluster Random Sampling

Useful in Large Geographical Samples where list of all units is not available but population boundaries can be well defined.

Advantages
Reduce Travel & Administrative Cost Does not require Sampling Frame listing all elements in Population Can Show regional Variations

Disadvantages
Variability of Sample Estimate Increases if clusters differ between themselves

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Multi Stage Sampling

In Real Research, Single Sampling method doesnt address researchers needs effectively and efficiently. Multi Stage Sampling: Combining Different Sampling Methods Prime stimulus sampling for multi-stage

Low Administrative convenience. More flexible than one-stage sampling.

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SPSS and Random Sampling

Purpose of this Activity
To complete a random sample of 200 Individuals (20% of the total sample) from the original survey of 1001 people. See if the sample is representative of the population on a key survey and population characteristic. In the original sample, 52.2% (523) were women and 47.8% (478) were men. The variable of respondent sex was identified by the variable called "sex." This item coded a person as Male (coded as 1) or Female (coded as 2).

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