10 Soar Ph2 Rcm4

BARC
Vienna, Austria, September 10-13, 2007

N.K. Maheshwari, P.K. Vijayan and D. Saha

Reactor Engineering Division,
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre,
Trombay, Mumbai, INDIA - 400 085
4
th
RCM on the IAEA CRP on Natural Circulation Phenomena, Modelling
and Reliability of Passive Safety Systems
that Utilize Natural Circulation
Effect of non-condensable gases on
condensation heat transfer

BARC

The problem is relevant to containment cooling using Passive
Containment Cooling System (PCCS).
Containment of a nuclear reactor is a key component of the
mitigation part of the defence in depth philosophy, since it is the
last barrier designed to prevent large radioactive releases to the
environment.
To provide safety-grade heat sink for preventing the
containments exceeding its design pressure, passive systems
for condensing steam are used in the nuclear reactors.
Effect of Non-condensable gases on condensation
The present talk deals with state of art on the effect of non-
condensable gases on condensation heat transfer

BARC
The other important system encountering condensation in
presence of noncondensable gas is the power plant condenser.
The presence of noncondensable gas greatly influences the
condensation process warranting in-depth study of the
phenomena.

BARC
Condensation occurs when the temperature of vapor is reduced
below its saturation temperature.
Presence of even a small amount of Non-condensable gas (e.g.
air, N
2
, H
2
, He, etc.) in the condensing vapor leads to a
significant reduction in heat transfer during condensation.
The buildup of non-condensable gases near the condensate
film inhibits the diffusion of vapor from the bulk mixture to the
liquid film.
Definition

BARC

Schematic representation of the effect of
non-condensable gas on condensation

BARC

The geometries of interest are tubes, plates, annulus, etc. and the flow
orientation (horizontal, vertical) can be different for various applications.

The condensation heat transfer is affected by parameters such as

Mass fraction of non-condensable gas
System pressure
Gas/vapor mixture Reynolds number
Orientations of surface
Interfacial shear
Prandtl number of condensate
Multi-component non-condensable gases, etc.

BARC

Scenario

During a loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA) or a main-steam-line-
break (MSLB) accident, or any other accident that causes a
coolant release into the containment.
A large amount of steam is released into the containment which
mixes with the noncondensable gases.
There are cooling surfaces provided for condensing the steam
from steam/non-condensable gas mixture.
During condensation process, the steam condenses on the
surfaces, while the non-condensable gases are accumulated
on the film condensate layer creating an additional thermal
resistance resulting in a degradation of the heat transfer to the
wall.

BARC
Scenario
In the design and operation of a steam turbine the exit
temperature of the process fluid is kept as low as possible
so that a maximum change in enthalpy occurs during the
conversion of heat into work. The presence of small
proportion of air in the vapor can reduce heat transfer
performance in a marked manner which increases the
condenser pressure.

BARC
Hardware
PCCS with isolation Condenser
The system is adopted in ESBWR and SBWR

BARC
Hardware
PCCS with steel containment vessel
The Westinghouse AP-600, SPWR, EP-1000, JPSR
and AC-600 are the reactors utilizing this concept.

BARC
Hardware
PCCS with Building Condenser
SWR-1000: Containment Pressure Reduction and Heat Removal following
a LOCA using Steam Condensation on Condenser Tubes.

BARC
Hardware
General Arrangement of AHWR with PCCS

FIG 1. SCHEMATIC OF PASSIVE CONTAINMENT COOLER
GDWP

Fig. 3 Schematic of PCCS with passive external coolers
Steamnoncondensable gas
Condensate

FIG 1. SCHEMATIC OF PASSIVE CONTAINMENT COOLER
GDWP

Fig. 3 Schematic of PCCS with passive external coolers
Steamnoncondensable gas
Condensate
Passive
external
condenser
Passive
External
condensed
Secondary Containment
Primary Containment
Core
Gravity driven water
pool
Turbin
e
Condenser

BARC
Literature review
Test
performed
Geometry and
size
Working fluid Remarks
Othmer Copper tube
D= 76.2 mm, L=1.22 m
Air/steam Reduction in heat transfer coefficient (HTC) by 50%
when 0.5% air is present in steam
Uchida Vertical tube
D=0.2 m, L=0.3 m
Air, Nitrogen and
Argon with Steam
The correlation developed is widely used in nuclear
reactor containment analysis
Al-Diwani and
Rose
Cooled vertical copper
plate, 97 x 97 mm
Air, Argon and Helium
with
Experimental data show good agreement with the
published data
Dehbi et al. Vertical copper tube
D=38 mm, L=3.5 m
Air/Steam
Air-Helium-Steam

Developed correlations for air/steam and air-
Helium and steam mixture. Heat transfer coefficient
estinated by heat and mass transfer model agree
well with exptl. data
Liu et al. Vertical copper tube
D=40 mm, L=2 m
Air, Helium with Steam Developed a correlation and found that HTC is 2.2
times higher than HTC estimated by Uchida
correlation
Stagnant environment

BARC
Literature review
Test performed Geometry, orientation and
size
Working fluid Remarks
Maheshwari et al. Horizontal tube
D=21.3 mm, L=0.75 m
Air/Steam HTC for horizontal tube is
higher than vertical tube
Anderson et al. Vertical and Horizontal
Condensing plates
Characteristic length, L= 0.91 m
Air/steam and Air-Helium-
Steam
Effect of orientation of
condensing surface was found
to be small
Stagnant environment

BARC
Literature review
Test
performed
Geometry and
size
Working
fluid
Remarks
Nagasaka et al. Vertical SS tube
(Full scale SBWR PCC
tube)
Nitrogen/Steam
Helium/Steam

Facility is called GIRAFFE system. The results for
average HTC were presented in terms of degradation
coefficient (ratio of actual HTC and pure steam HTC by
Nusselt theory)
Masoni et al. Vertical tube
(Full scale SBWR PCC
tube)
Air/steam PANTHERS exptl. Facility. The results are given in
terms of condenser efficiency as a function of inlet
pressure and air mass fraction
Ogg Vertical SS tube
ID=49.0 mm, L=2.44 m

Air/Steam and
Helium/ Steam
A correlation for heat transfer coefficient was developed
based on the experiment in term of Nusselts pure
steam heat transfer coefficient and degradation factor
consisting the two separate factors which involves
mixture Reynolds number and air mass fraction.
Hassanein et al. Vertical SS tube
ID=46 mm, L=2.54 m
Air/Steam and
Helium/Steam
The local Nusselt number was correlated as a function
of local mixture Reynolds number, Jakob number and
gas mass fraction and Schmidt number.
Vierow Vertical coper tube
ID=22.1 mm, L=2.13 m
Air/Steam

The authors found that at an air inlet mass fraction of
14% the heat transfer coefficients were reduced to one-
seventh the values of pure steam. Instabilities were
observed at high air contents. Vierow developed a
correlation for local heat transfer coefficient
Flowing vapor-noncondensable gas mixture

BARC
Literature review
Test
performed
Geometry
and size
Working
fluid
Remarks
Siddique Vertical tube
ID= 25.27 mm,
L=1.22 m
Air/Steam and
Helium/ Steam

For same mole fraction, compared to helium air has more
inhibiting effect on condensation heat transfer, but for the
same mass ratio, helium is found to be more inhibiting.
They developed correlations.
Araki Vertical tube
ID=49.5 mm, L=1.21
m
Air/Steam Correlations for condensation HTC for laminar and
turbulent range are developed in terms of Reynolds
number and air mass fraction
Kuhn Vertical SS tube
ID=50.8 mm, L=2.4 m
Air/Steam and
Helium/ Steam
The local Nusselt number was correlated as a function of
local mixture Reynolds number, Jakob number and gas
mass fraction and Schmidt number. .
Park et al. Vertical tube

Air/Steam Correlation for local HTC in terms of degradation factor is
developed. The range of validity for Jakob number in the
correlation is smaller than that of the correlation
developed by Siddique et al.
Maheshwari et al. Vertical tube
ID=42.76 mm, L=1.6
m
Air/Steam

Experiments were performed with natural convection of
water outside the tube and with forced flow of water
flowing in a cooling jacket surrounding the tube.
Correlation is developed. A strong dependency of heat
transfer coefficient on Reynolds number of the inlet
mixture was also found
Flowing vapor- noncondensable gas mixture

BARC

Heat and mass transfer coefficient
A mass balance at the interface is done to yield the following equation
Heat and mass transfer
( )
b nc, i nc,
i nc,
//
cond
W W
W
D
L m
Sh
=
fg
H
//
cond
m )
i
T -
b
(T
cond
h =
1
g
h
cond
h
1
f
h
1
=
tot
h
(
(
(
+
+
h
cond
Condensation heat transfer coefficient , h
f
Film heat transfer coefficient
h
g
- Convective heat transfer coefficient
The heat transfer through the condensate film
is balanced by the heat transfer through the
gas/vapor interface which is sum of latent heat
and sensible heat. This yields
Where, h
cond
is given by

eq.,
where, L is the characteristic length which is outer diameter
for horizontal tube and length of the tube for vertical tube

BARC

Condensate film model

The film heat transfer coefficient on vertical surface is calculated by
Nusselt equation
( )
( )
4
1
w i l
3
l fg g l l
f
T T L
k H g
0.943 h
(
'
=
for Re
f
< 30
For condensation on horizontal tube the 0.943 is replaced by 0.725 in
Nusselt equation
Condensate film heat transfer
fg
H
//
cond
m )
i
T -
b
(T
cond
h =

BARC

Heat transfer at gas/vapor boundary layer

In case of stagnant gas environment, the natural convection boundary
layer approach provides the expressions for sensible heat transfer
through the gas/vapor boundary layer formed during condensation of
vapor.
( )
( )
)
> =
< =
) 10 Gr (for Pr 13 . 0
) 10 Gr (for Pr 56 . 0
9
33 . 0
9
25 . 0
Gr Nu
Gr Nu
( )
( )
)
> =
< =
) 10 Gr (for 13 . 0
) 10 Gr (for 56 . 0
9
33 . 0
9
25 . 0
GrSc Sh
GrSc Sh
) (
, ,
2
3
,
b g i g
b g
gL
Gr
=
The Grashof number is
defined as
By heat and mass transfer analogy
Gas/vapor heat transfer- free convection
h
g
can be obtained from above
expression
(12)
(13)
m
//
cond
and

h
cond
can be estimated
from equations (11) and (4)

BARC
Heat transfer at gas/vapor boundary layer

In case of vapor/gas mixture flowing inside a vertical tube, the forced
convective boundary layer approach provides the expressions for sensible
heat transfer through the gas/vapor boundary layer formed during
condensation of vapor. The following Gnielinski correlation is used
Gas/vapor heat transfer- Forced convection
(
(
(
=
1) -
2/3
(Pr
1/2
/2)
s
12.7(f + 1
1000)Pr - /2)(Re
s
(f
Nu
By heat and mass transfer analogy
(
(
(
=
1) -
2/3
(Sc
1/2
/2)
s
12.7(f + 1
1000)Pr - /2)(Re
s
(f
Sh
Re is local mixture Reynolds number in
the bulk fluid, and f
s
is the

friction factor
for smooth tube
When the Reynolds number is less than 2300, a fully developed laminar
flow regime is assumed. A value of 3.66 is assigned for Nu

and Sh
2300< Re < 5 x 10
6

BARC
Heat transfer enhancement
Following modifications are carried out to account for the
Film Waviness/ripple effect on condensate film heat transfer
coefficient
Condensate film roughness effect on condensation and convective
heat transfer
Suction effect
Developing flow effect on heat and mass transfer

BARC

Some of the correlations available in literature

Number of correlations are available in the literature. Some of the
correlations developed are given below.
7 . 0
) (
1
380
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
nc
nc
Uchida tot
W
W
h
The correlation developed by Uchida
Correlations
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
nc
nc
tot
W
W
h
1
284 4 . 11
The Tagami correlation
Condensation in stagnant atmosphere

BARC
0.307 0.252
tot
2.344
s tot
dT P CX h =
The correlation developed by Liu et al.
2.533 x 10
5
Pa < P
tot
< 4.559 x 10
5
Pa
4
o
C < dT < 25
o
C; 0.395 < X
s
< 0.873
Dehbi correlation
( ) ( ) | |
( )
0.25
w b
nc t tot
0.05
tot(Dehbi)
T T
logW 458.3P 2438 28.7P 3.7 L
h
+ +
=
for 0.3 m < L < 3.5 m; 1.5 atm. < P
t
< 4.5 atm.;10
o
C < (T
b
-T
w
) < 50
o
C
Where, C=55.635 W/m
2
Pa
0.252

o
C
1.307

Correlations

BARC
Correlations
Condensation inside the vertical tube
There are two types of correlations for estimating the heat transfer
coefficient.
The local heat transfer coefficient is expressed in the form of a
degradation factor defined as the ratio of the experimental heat
transfer coefficient (when noncondensable gas is present) and pure
steam heat transfer coefficient.
The degradation factor is a function of local noncondensable gas
mass fraction and mixture Reynolds number (or condensate
Reynolds number).

BARC
Correlations
The local heat transfer coefficient is expressed in the form of
dimensionless numbers and does not require information of
condensation heat transfer coefficient for pure steam.
In these correlations, local Nusselt number is expressed as a
function of mixture Reynolds number, Jacob number,
noncondensable gas mass fraction and condensate Reynolds
number, etc.

BARC
Correlations
Vierow correlation based on UCB data
1 . 1
Re 0.0050 f
o.45
film
=
a
W
0.24
film
Re
0.63
Ja
1.4
a
W 0.0012 f

=
Park correlation based on KAIST data
1715 < Re
g
< 21670
0.83 < Pr
g
< 1.04
0.111 < W
a
< 0.836
0.01654 < Ja < 0.07351
Which is applicable in the following range
The degradation factor is defined as
film
h
tot
h
f =

BARC
Correlations
Correlation based on non-dimensional numbers
Siddique Correlation based on MIT data
0.741
Ja
1.105
a
W 1.137Re Nu(x)
0.404
g

=
Which applies in the following range of experiments

0.1 < W
a
< 0.95 ; 445 < Re
g
< 22700 ; 0.004 < Ja < 0.07
Maheshwari correlation based on BARC experiments
( )
5 . 0 8 . 0 85 . 0 15 . 0
Re Re 15 . 0 ) (
g a film
Ja W x Nu

=
This equation is valid in the following range

0.1 < W
a
< 0.6
8000 < Re
g
< 22700
0.005 < Ja < 0.07

BARC

Condensation inside a vertical tube
Work done in BARC on condensation inside vertical tube

Experimental studies on condensation in presence of air in vertical tube

Development of a theoretical model to investigate condensation in
presence of noncondensable gas when steam/air mixture is flowing
down inside the tube

Studies on the effects of various parameters on condensation in
presence of noncondensable gas

Comparison of theoretical results with BARC experimental data and
data available in literature

BARC
Condensation in vertical tube
400
260
100
1
0
0
48.3
1
0
0
0
1
6
0
0
9
5
0
5
0
Air vent line
Condensate
line
A
A
Section -AA
Geometry and
Dimensions of the
model
Test set-up
FLOW ELEMENT
TEMPERATURE
PRESSURE
LEVEL
AIR
STEAM
CONDENSATE
WATER POOL
COLLECTION
TANK
F
T
P
LT
P
T
T
F
T
LT
F
F
PCC TUBES
T

BARC
Forced flow condensation
Variation of total heat transfer coefficient
along the length of the tube
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Case No. E19701
flow rate of steam =0.004 kg/s
Mass fraction of air =11.5%
Total pressure =0.266 MPa
Reynolds number =9755
H
e
a
t

t
r
a
n
s
f
e
r

c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t

(
k
W
/
m
2
K
)
Distance from inlet (m)
With McAdams modifier and Moody corr.
With Blangetti model and Moody corr.
With Blangetti model and Wallis corr.
experiment

BARC

Work done in BARC on condensation in stagnant environment

Experimental studies on condensation in presence of air over
horizontal tube

Development of a theoretical model to investigate condensation in
presence of noncondensable gas when steam/air mixture is non-
flowing

Studies on the effects of various parameters on condensation in
presence of noncondensable gas

Comparison of theoretical results with BARC experimental data and
data available in literature
Condensation in stagnant environment

BARC

Schematic of the steam condensation experimental set up
Pressure
regulator
Compressed
air

condensing Section
21.3 mm OD tube
Insulated lines
2
0
0
0

1000
750
To drain
Water inlet
Heater
0-18 kW
Water
LT
P
P
T T
T
P
Thermocouple
Pressure transmitter
Level transmitter
LT
Relief
valve and
rupture
dick
N
o
z
z
l
e
s

f
o
r

v
e
r
t
i
c
a
l

i
n
s
t
a
l
l
a
t
i
o
n

o
f

m
o
d
e
l

R
o
t
a
m
e
t
e
r

(
0
-
8

l
p
m
)

Experiment set up

BARC

0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
0
500
1000
1500
Pressure = 2.8 atm
Wall subcooling ( T
b
-T
w
) = 55
o
C
Tube OD = .0213 m
Present experiment
Model_horizontal orientation
H
e
a
t

t
r
a
n
s
f
e
r

c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t

,

W
/
m
2
K
Mass fraction of non condensable gas(air)
Variation of heat transfer coefficient with air mass fraction
Comparison between
experimental and theoretical results

BARC
Free and forced convective Condensation
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Pressure=1.5 bar
avg. wall subcooling= 8 K
Fig. 18 comparison of free and forced flow heat transfer coefficients
H
e
a
t

t
r
a
n
s
f
e
r

c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t

(
k
W
/
m
2

K
)
Air mass fraction
Free convective condensation
Forced flow condensation (steam flow-0.003 kg/s)
Forced flow condensation (steam flow-0.004 kg/s)
Comparison of free and forced convective heat transfer coefficients

BARC
Summary
Work done by various researchers is reviewed

The report deals with the following

- Condensation in stagnant steam/non-condensable environment
- Condensation in a flowing steam/non-condensable mixture
- Geometry considered -tubes with different orientations, plate, etc.

Recent work performed in BARC is also presented

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BARC

Vienna, Austria, September 10-13, 2007

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