Hooke’s

Microscope
This simple tool was used to discover the
basic building blocks of all life on earth,
which Hooke gave the name ‘cells’. Hooke
built this microscope in the 17th century and
used it in his pioneering research. Note the
similarity to the modern compound
microscope as it also uses two magnifying
lenses.
Leeuwenhoek’s Microscope
“Leeuwenhoek is known to
have made over 500
"microscopes," All of
Leeuwenhoek's instruments
were simply powerful
magnifying glasses, not
compound microscopes of
the type used today.
Compared to modern
microscopes, it is an
extremely simple device,
using only one lens,
mounted in a tiny hole in the
brass plate that makes up
the body of the instrument.
The specimen was mounted
on the sharp point that
sticks up in front of the lens,
and its position and focus
could be adjusted by turning
Other Contributors
René Dutrochet
proposed that all
living thing are
made up of cells.
He was the first to
outline the cell
theory and
discovered the
process of osmosis.
Other Contributors
Robert Brown (1831)
used the word
nucleus to describe
the dark, central
globule.  (The word
nucleus is Latin for
little nut.)  and
proposed that the
nucleus was the
common
constituent of all
cells.
Other Contributors
Theodore Schwann together
with Matthias Schleiden,
developed the cell theory
in 1839, which identified
cells as the fundamental
particles of plants and
animals. Schwann and
Schleiden recognized that
some organisms are
unicellular while others are
multicellular. They also
recognized membranes,
nuclei and cell bodies to be
common cell features and
described them by
comparison of various
animal and plant tissues.
Other Contributors
Rudolf Virchow is
cited as the first to
recognize leukemia
. However, he is
perhaps best
known for his law
Omnis cellula e
cellula ("every cell
originates from
another cell")
which he published
in 1855.
 Modern Cell Theory
• All organisms are made up of cells.
• New cells are always produced from
pre-existing cells.
• The cell is a structural and functional
unit of all living things.
• The cell contains hereditary
information which is passed on from
cell to cell during cell division.
• All cells are basically the same in
chemical composition and metabolic
activities.
 Two Types of Cells
Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
b. Not bounded by a • Bounded by a nuclear
nuclear membrane. membrane
• Contains one or more
c. Usually contains one paired, linear
circular chromosome chromosomes
composed of composed of
deoxyribonucleic acid deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA). (DNA).
d. No nucleolus. • Nucleolus present.
d. Nuclear body is called • Nuclear body is called
a nucleoid. a nucleus.
• Reproduces by
f. Reproduces by binary mitosis.
fission
• Examples are animals,
g. Examples are bacteria plants, algae,
(Eubacteria and protozoans, and fungi
Diagrams of Prokaryotic and
Eukaryotic Cells

prokaryotic (above:
notice the lack of
organelles present)

eukaryotic (left: animals,

plants, algae, protozoans,
and fungi)
 Exception to Every Rule…
• Since viruses are acellular and
possess both living and nonliving
characteristics, they are considered
neither prokaryotic nor eukaryotic.

HIV Virus
Ticket Out the Door!!

Describe how Hooke

and Leeuwenhoek
contributed to the
modern day cell
theory.