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Chapter 38
Periodic Table (Modern
Form)
Periodic Law
The properties of
elements are a
periodic function
of their atomic
number
P = F(z)
Periodic Law
When elements Atomic radii vs. Z
are arranged in K
order of atomic Na
number, similar Li
properties recur
periodically.
Periodic Law
First Ionization Energy
Atomic number
Why Periodic Law?
Chemical Type of
and Bonding Atomic
Physical and properties
properties structure
Atomic number
Ionization Energies
Variations:
2. Across a period
3. Down the group
He
First I.E.
Ne
Ar
N F P
Be O
H C Mg
Si S Cl Ca
B
Li Na Al K
Atomic number
Atomic radius
K
Ca
Na
Li Mg
Be
Ar
H Ne
He
Atomic Radius (pm) 1pm=1x10-12m
H He
37 54
Li Be B C N O F Ne
156 105 91 77 71 60 67 80
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
186 160 143 117 111 104 99 96
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
231 197 161 154 131 125 118 125 125 124 128 133 123 122 116 115 114 99
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
243 215 180 161 147 136 135 132 132 138 144 149 151 140 145 139 138 109
Cs Ba Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
265 210 154 143 137 138 134 136 139 144 147 189 175 155 167 145
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
187 183 182 181 181 180 199 179 176 175 174 173 173 194 172
Electronegativity
Electronegativity
Cl
Li Ca
Na K
He Ne Ar
Atomic number
Electronegativity
Increase in electronegativity
H He
Decrease 2.1 -
Li Be B C N O F Ne
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 -
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.5 3.0 -
K Al
0.8 1.0
Melting Points
m.p./oC
4000 C
3000
2000 Si
1000 Ca
0
He Ne Ar
-1000
0 5 10 15 20
Atomic number
Melting Points
Increase
H He
-259 -270
Li Be B C N O F Ne
180 1280 2300 3730 -210 -218 -220 -249
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
97.8 650 660 1410 44.2 119 -101 -189
K Ca
63.7 850 Unit: oC
Periodic Variation of
Physical Properties
Structure & Bonding
Giant metallic → Giant covalent
→ Simple molecular
Periodic Variation of
Chemical Properties
Formulae of hydrides,
oxides, chlorides
Hydrolytic behaviours
and explanations
Peiodicity in formulae
Moles of Cl atoms per mole of atoms of element
6
Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
Hydrides
H H
Si :OH2 Si + H2 etc
H OH
H H H
H
Hydrides
Polar covalent NH3 + H2O → NH4+ + OH-
HF + H2O → H3O+ + F-
Ionic with
Covalent Amphoteric Al2O3
character
Covalent Acidic CO2
SO2
NO2
Ionic Oxides
Cl Cl
Cl Cl
C Si Cl
Cl
Cl Cl
Cl Cl
SiCl4 hydrolyzes.
SiCl4(g) + 4H2O(l) → SiO2.2H2O(s) + 4HCl(aq)
Covalent chlorides
Group VA: NCl3
• AlCl3
• Cl2O6
Past paper questions
Periodicity
1999 IIA 3c
2001 IIA 3c