SUBSCRIBER LOCAL LOOP DESIGN

In comparison to the long-distance sector, the per capita invested, but there would be no national network without it.

The design of a network involves a number of limiting factors, the

to build the most of service.

assuming an established quality

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Signaling Limit is the function of the IR drop of the line , conductivity of the loop conductor and its diameter or gauge.
Attenuation limits are controlled by the same parameters. Seizure of a circuit in switch is caused by the flow of current in loop . Certain amount of current is required to operate the relay for seizure. If the current flow is insufficient the relay will close and open intermittently.

Quality of a Telephone Speech Connection Loudness Rating

Customer opinion, as a function of loudness loss, can vary with the test group and particular test design.

A group of people selected randomly to judge the subjective quality of a telephone connection

Overall Loudness Rating, Opinion Results

Telephone sensitivity includes both microphone and earpiece sensitivity. Overall loudness rating (OLR) is then calculated using the following formula

OLR = SLR + CLR + RLR

is defined as the loudness loss between the speaking subscribers mouth and the listening subscribers ear via a connection. is defined as the loudness loss between the speaking subscribers mouth and an electric interface in the network.

is the loudness loss between an electric interface in the network and the listening subscribers ear.
is the loudness loss between two electrical interfaces in a connection or circuit, each interface terminated by its nominal impedance, which may complex.

Subscriber Loop Design Techniques

Simplified subscriber loop:

The distance D, the loop length, is a critical parameter. The greater the value of D, the greater the attenuation that the loop suffers, and signal level drops as a result.
Greater the wire diameter of the loop pair, the less resistance there is per unit length Also, the less attenuation there is per unit length.

Subscriber Loop Design Techniques

When designing a subscriber loop , the interesting parameter is the maximum length required. There are two variables that must be established: 1.The maximum loop resistance This value is a function of the circuit in the switch where the loop terminates. 2.The maximum loss or attenuation on the loop. In Europe, 6 dB is commonly used for this value. This is 6 dB at the reference frequency of 800 Hz.

In North America the reference frequency is 1000 Hz. The loss value may be as high as 9 dB.

Subscriber Loop Design Techniques

Calculating the Resistance Limit**
To calculate the dc loop resistance for copper conductors, the following formula is applicable:

Rdc= 0.1095 / d2
where Rdc is the loop resistance in ohms per mile
d is the diameter of the conductor (in inches)

For 10-mile loop and 100 ohm per mile of loop (for the stated 1000-ohm limit), what diameter of copper wire would be needed?

Subscriber Loop Design Techniques

Loss and Resistance per 1000 ft of Subscriber Cable

Subscriber Loop Design Techniques

Calculating the Loss Limit

The attenuation of a wire pair varies with frequency, resistance, inductance, capacitance, and leakage conductance. Also, resistance of the line will depend on temperature. For open-wire lines, attenuation may vary by 12% between winter and summer conditions. If we are limited to 6 dB (loss) on a subscriber loop, then by simple division we can derive the maximum loop length permissible for transmission design considerations for the wire gauges .

Subscriber Loop Design Techniques

Loss and Resistance per 1000 ft of Subscriber Cable

Then by simple division we can derive the maximum loop length permissible for transmission design considerations for the wire gauges

Subscriber Loop Design Techniques

Loading
In many situations it is desirable to extend subscriber loop lengths beyond the limits

Common methods to attain longer loops without exceeding loss limits are :
1. Increase conductor diameter 2. Use amplifiers 3.Range extender 4. Use inductive loading Inductive loading tends to reduce transmission loss on subscriber loops and on other types of voice pairs at the expense of good attenuationfrequency response beyond 3000 Hz. A range extender is a device that increases battery voltage on a loop. This extends its signaling range.

Loading

Subscriber Loop Design Techniques

Loading a particular voice-pair loop consists of inserting inductances in series (loading coils) into the loop at fixed intervals. Adding load coils tends to decrease the velocity of propagation and increase the impedance.

Loading

Subscriber Loop Design Techniques

Loaded cables are typically designated:

The most commonly used coils have spacings of B, D, or H.

Loading

Subscriber Loop Design Techniques

Transmission Loss (Attenuation) Values with and without Load Coils for the More Popular Wire Gauges Found in the Subscriber Plant

Subscriber Loop Design Techniques Subscriber Loop Impedances

Characteristic impedance varies with frequency

Subscriber Loop Design Techniques

Both limiting factors can be extended, but that extension costs money, particularly when there may be many thousands of pairs involved. The decision boils down to the following: 1. If the pairs to be extended are few, they should be extended. 2. If the pairs to be extended are many, it probably is worthwhile to set up a new exchange area or a satellite exchange or to use an outside plant module in the area.

These economies are linked to the cost of copper. The current tendency is to reduce the wire gauge wherever possible or even resort to the use of aluminum as the pair conductor.

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Size of an exchange area based on number Of subscribers served

The size of an exchange area will depend largely on:

Exchange sizes are often in units of 10,000 lines.

For the subscriber number there are 10,000 number combination possibilities, from 0000 to 9999.

SHAPE OF A SERVING AREA

If an entire local area is to be covered, fully circular exchange serving areas are impractical. Either the circles will overlap or uncovered spaces will result, neither of which is desirable.

There are then two possibilities:

1. square serving areas 2.hexagonal serving areas.

EXCHANGE LOCATION
Bounded exchange area (exchange area boundaries are known)

EXCHANGE LOCATION
Steps required for finding exchange location: 1

Using a map to scale, a defined area is divided into small squares of 100 500 m on a side. One guide for determination of side length would be to use a standard length of the side of a standard city block in the serving area of interest. The next step is to write in the total number of subscribers in each of the blocks. This total is the sum of three figures: (1) existing subscribers (2) waiting list (3) forecast of subscribers for 15 or 20 years into the future The third step is to trace two lines over the subscriber area. One is a horizontal line that has approximately the same number of total subscribers above the line as below. The second is a vertical line where the number of subscribers to the left of the line is the same as that to the right.
The point of intersection of these two lines is the theoretical optimum center or exchange location.

EXCHANGE LOCATION
But the actual location may depends on secondary parameters such as:

Availability of buildings and land. Existing and potential cable or feeder runs. Trunk pull Layout of streets, roads, and highways.

Trunk pull refers to the tendency to place a new exchange near the one or several other exchanges with which it will be interconnected by trunks ( junctions).

EXCHANGE LOCATION
Assume that exchange locations are known. To determine boundaries of serving areas we use ratio technique
Outer boundary will be the signaling limits of loops These limits have been basically determined by the type of exchange and the copper wire gauge utilized for subscriber loops.
.

Maximum permissible distance from exchange A to B is The distance from exchange A be DA

3300/270 = 12.2 km 6.28 km

DA = 1700 12.2/(1700 + 1600)

The total distance from exchange B will be the difference

12.2 6.28 = 5.92 KM

EXCHANGE LOCATION

Determining serving area boundaries with the ratio method