ACCESS TECHNOLOGIES IN CELLULAR COMMUNICATION

CONTENTS

Basics of cellular of cellular technology Cellular system architecture Cellular system components

Cellular access technologies

FDMA TDMA CDMA

TDMA versus CDMA

Basics of Cellular Technology

In a cellular network, cells are generally organized in groups of seven to form a cluster. Size of a cell depends on the density of subscribers in an area All base stations of each cell are connected to a central point, called the Mobile Switching Office (MSO

Basics of Cellular Technology

MSO is generally connected to the PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) Cellular technology allows the hand-off of subscribers from one cell to another as they travel around

Cellular System Architecture

Cells

Clusters

Is the basic geographic unit of a cellular system Are base stations transmitting over small geographic areas that are represented as hexagons. Size varies depending on the landscape.
is a group of cells. No channels are reused within a cluster

Cellular System Architecture

Frequency Reuse

A way to reuse radio channels to carry more than one conversation at a time Is based on assigning to each cell a group of radio channels used within a small geographic area Cells are assigned a group of channels that is completely different from neighbouring cells

Cellular System Architecture

Footprint

coverage area of cells is called the footprint. footprint is limited by a boundary. the same group of channels can be used in different cells that are far enough away from each other so that their frequencies do not interfere.

Cellular System Architecture

Cell Splitting

is used to split a single area into smaller ones. can be split into as many areas as necessary to provide acceptable service levels in heavy-traffic regions

Cellular System Architecture

Handoff

occurs when the mobile telephone network automatically transfers a call from radio channel to radio channel as a mobile crosses adjacent cells When the mobile unit moves out of the coverage area of a given cell site, the reception becomes weak After requesting Handoff system switches the call to a stronger-frequency channel in a new site without interrupting the call or alerting the user

Cellular System Components

PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network

is made up of local networks, the exchange area networks, and the long-haul network interconnect telephones and other communication devices on a worldwide basis. MTSO is the central office for mobile switching Houses the mobile switching centre (MSC), field monitoring, and relay stations for switching calls from cell sites to wire line central offices (PSTN)

Mobile Telephone Switching Office (MTSO)

Cellular System Components

The Cell Site

used to refer to the physical location of radio equipment that provides coverage within a cell. consists of a control unit and a transceiver that transmits and receives radio transmissions to and from a cell site.

Mobile Subscriber Units (MSUs)

Cellular Access Technologies

TDMA Time Division Multiple Access FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access CDMA Code Division Multiple Access

Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)

Is an analogue transmission technique used for mobile phone communications, in which the frequency band allocated to a network is divided into sub-bands or channels. multiple users can share the available band without the risk of interference between the simultaneous calls.

Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)

Working

FDMA splits the allocated spectrum into many channels. When a FDMA cell phone establishes a call, it reserves the frequency channel for the entire duration of the call. The voice data is modulated into this channels frequency band (using frequency modulation) and sent over the airwaves At the receiver, the information is recovered using a band-pass filter. The phone then uses a common digital control channel to acquire channels.

Advantages of FDMA

If channel is not in use, it sits idle Channel bandwidth is relatively narrow (30kHz) Simple algorithmically, and from a hardware standpoint Fairly efficient when the number of stations is small and the traffic is uniformly constant Capacity increase can be obtained by reducing the information bit rate and using efficient digital code No need for network timing No restriction regarding the type of baseband or type of modulation

Disadvantages to using FDMA

The presence of guard bands Requires right RF filtering to minimize adjacent channel interference Maximum bit rate per channel is fixed Small inhibiting flexibility in bit rate capability Does not differ significantly from analog system

Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

is digital transmission technology that allows a number of users to access a single radiofrequency (RF) channel without interference by allocating unique time slots to each user within each channel. divides a single channel into six time slots, with each signal using two slots, providing a 3 to 1 gain in capacity over advanced mobilephone service (AMPS).

Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) :-Working

TDMA relies upon the fact that the audio signal has been digitized; that is, divided into a number of milliseconds-long packets. It allocates a single frequency channel for a short time and then moves to another channel. The digital samples from a single transmitter occupy different time slots in several bands at the same time

Advantages of TDMA

Flexible bit rate No frequency guard band required No need for precise narrowband filters Easy for mobile or base stations to initiate and execute hands off Extended battery life TDMA installations offer savings in base station equipment, space and maintenance The most cost-effective technology for upgrading a current analog system to digital

Disadvantages to using TDMA

Requires network-wide timing synchronization Requires signal processing fro matched filtering and correlation detection Demands high peak power on uplink in transient mode Multipath distortion

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

Is the latest, greatest cellular technology. CDMA channels the packets of voice and data over wireless radio frequencies so a cellular user can hear better, quicker and with more quality then ever before.

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

CDMA, after digitizing data, spreads it out over the entire available bandwidth. Multiple calls are overlaid on each other on the channel, with each assigned a unique sequence code. Data is sent in small pieces over a number of the discrete frequencies available for use at any time in the specified range.

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA):- Working

All of the users transmit in the same wide-band chunk of spectrum. Each user's signal is spread over the entire bandwidth by a unique spreading code. At the receiver, that same unique code is used to recover the signal. Because CDMA systems need to put an accurate time-stamp on each piece of a signal. Between eight and 10 separate calls can be carried in the same channel space as one analog AMPS call operates in both the 800-MHz and 1900-MHz frequency bands

Advantages of CDMA

Many users of CDMA use the same frequency, TDD or FDD may be used Multipath fading may be substantially reduced because of large signal bandwidth No absolute limit on the number of users Easy addition of more users Impossible for hackers to decipher the code sent Better signal quality No sense of handoff when changing cells

Disadvantages to using CDMA

As the number of users increases, the overall quality of service decreases Self-jamming Near- Far- problem arises

The Future of CDMA

CDMA has overcome most cynicism to dominate the worldwide wireless voice market What about data services? Scheduling vs. Interference Averaging CDMA appears to be an underdog for 4G, but still may win Ongoing research on CDMA Increase capacity by joint decoding (multi-user detection & interference cancellation) Applying CDMA to other applications: optical CDMA, ad hoc networks, dense wireless LANs MultiCDMA: multiple antenna CDMA, multicarrier CDMA, multicode CDMA

BIBLOGRAPHY

www.iec.org/online/tutorials/tdma http://www.iec.org/online/tutorials/cell_comm/ http://people.deas.harvard.edu/~jones/cscie129/nu_lectures/lecture7/cdma/cd ma.html http://www.tsp.ece.mcgill.ca/Telecom/Docs/cdma.html http://cas.et.tudelft.nl/~glas/ssc/techn/ http://www.umtsworld.com/technology/cdmabasics.htm http://www.cellphonecarriers.com/compare-tdma-cdma.html http://www.cellphonecarriers.com/cdma-wireless-phone.html http://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid40_gci213959,00 .html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TDMA http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/cell-phone.htm/printable www.cellphonecarriers.com/analog-fdma.html http://people.deas.harvard.edu/~jones/cscie129/nu_lectures/lecture7/lecture_7. html

Mobile phone

Mobile phone is a device used by a subscriber for wireless communication with a cellular mobile telephone network. The subscriber will usually be able to communicate with other mobile phones within the same or different mobile networks, and is also able to connect with phones in the traditional wired telephone network. Many mobile phones also have connection ports to enable them to interface with other equipment, for example to link up to a computer, which makes it possible to download files such as text, games or multimedia

Frequency Band

is a term used in telecommunications to refer to a range of frequencies authorized for specific purposes. Each band will be a continuous spectrum of frequencies, with upper and lower limits, and international use of these bands is regulated by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) to prevent interference.